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Kidney Structure

Kidney Structure

The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries.

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Updated: Aug 27, 2025

Efficient Vascularization of Kidney Organoids through Intracelomic Transplantation in Chicken Embryos

Efficient Vascularization of Kidney Organoids through Intracelomic Transplantation in Chicken Embryos

Published on: February 17, 2023

Disease Modeling with Kidney Organoids.

Sophie Karp¹, Martin R Pollak¹, Balajikarthick Subramanian¹

¹Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.

|September 23, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Human kidney organoids derived from stem cells show promise for disease modeling but lack adult maturity. New strategies are needed to advance these kidney models for better disease research and potential therapies.

Keywords:

chip development disease-modeling kidney metanephros nephrology organoids tubule ureteric

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Last Updated: Aug 27, 2025

Efficient Vascularization of Kidney Organoids through Intracelomic Transplantation in Chicken Embryos

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Published on: February 17, 2023

Generation of Human Kidney Tubuloids from Tissue and Urine

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Author Spotlight: Optimizing iPSC Differentiation for Efficient Production to Generate Kidney Organoids

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Published on: September 1, 2023

Area of Science:

Nephrology
Stem Cell Biology
Regenerative Medicine

Background:

Kidney diseases cause millions of deaths annually, necessitating improved disease models.
Human kidney organoids (HKOs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are promising but immature, resembling first-trimester fetal kidneys.
Current HKOs have limitations for accurate adult human kidney disease modeling and therapeutic development.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current state of kidney organoids as disease models.
To discuss the limitations of existing kidney organoids regarding maturity.
To explore strategies for advancing kidney organoid maturity to an adult-like state.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on kidney organoid development and applications.
Analysis of the developmental stage and cellular composition of current kidney organoids.
Identification of key biological pathways and developmental cues for promoting organoid maturation.

Main Results:

Kidney organoids closely mimic early human kidney development but lack the complexity and maturity of adult kidneys.
Existing organoid models show potential for studying specific kidney diseases.
Significant gaps remain in achieving adult-level maturity and functionality in kidney organoids.

Conclusions:

Advancing kidney organoid maturity is crucial for accurate human kidney disease modeling.
Future research should focus on novel strategies to promote the development of adult-like kidney organoids.
Mature kidney organoids hold potential for disease research and future auxiliary therapies.