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Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Carboxylation of Grignard Reagents01:13

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Carboxylation of Grignard Reagents

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Carboxylic acids can be prepared by the carboxylation of Grignard reagents (RMgX). This method is convenient for converting alkyl (primary, secondary or tertiary), vinyl, benzyl, and aryl halides to carboxylic acids with one additional carbon than the starting RMgX.
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Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones: Introduction01:23

Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones: Introduction

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Protecting groups are compounds that can bind to a specific functional group in the presence of other functional groups to protect them from undesired chemical reactions. These compounds can selectively bind to particular functional groups and advance chemoselective reactions in polyfunctional systems (Figure 1). After the functional group has served its purpose, it is removed by reacting it with specific compounds.
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Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Overview01:31

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Overview

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There are various methods for the preparation of carboxylic acids. For example, oxidation of primary alcohols or aldehydes using strong oxidizing agents results in a carboxylic acid.  Aldehydes can also be oxidized in the presence of mild oxidizing agents.
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Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids01:15

Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids

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Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones results in the formation of carboxylic acids. Aldehydes, bearing hydrogen next to the carbonyl group, are easily oxidized compared to ketones. This is because an aldehydic proton can easily be abstracted during oxidation.
Aldehydes readily undergo oxidation in strong oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate and chromic acid. The oxidation can also be carried out using mild oxidizing agents such as silver oxide. In fact, aldehydes can be easily oxidized...
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Carboxylic Acids to Primary Alcohols: Hydride Reduction01:17

Carboxylic Acids to Primary Alcohols: Hydride Reduction

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Carboxylic acids, upon reaction with strong reducing agents such as lithium aluminum hydride followed by hydrolysis, undergo reduction to form primary alcohols.
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Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction02:23

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction

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Reduction is a simple strategy to convert a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group. The three major pathways to reduce carbonyls to alcohols are catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, and borane reduction.
Catalytic hydrogenation is similar to the reduction of an alkene or alkyne by adding H2 across the pi bond in the presence of transition metal catalysts like Raney Ni, Pd–C, Pt, or Ru. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by this method, often under mild to moderate heat (25–100°C) and...
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Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions
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Effective Method for a Graphene Oxide with Impressive Selectivity in Carboxyl Groups.

Iluminada Rodríguez-Pastor1,2, Adelia López-Pérez1, María D Romero-Sánchez1

  • 1Applynano Solutions S.L., Alicante Scientific Park #3, 03690 Alicante, Spain.

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Researchers developed a new method to increase carboxyl groups on graphene oxide sheets. This advancement is crucial for bonding bioactive molecules for biomedical applications, enhancing graphene oxide

Keywords:
bioconjugationcarboxyl groupsgraphite intercalated compoundreduced graphene oxide

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Chemistry

Background:

  • Biomedical applications of graphene oxide require covalent bonding of bioactive molecules.
  • Conventional graphene oxide has a low concentration of carboxyl groups, limiting its functionalization.
  • A high surface population of carboxyl groups is a key target for improved graphene oxide.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a selective method for significantly increasing carboxyl group density on graphene oxide.
  • To utilize single-layer, thermally reduced graphene oxide as a precursor for enhanced functionalization.
  • To achieve carboxyl group formation without compromising the graphene oxide sheet structure.

Main Methods:

  • Employed a modified Hummers-Offemann reaction using single-layer, thermally reduced graphene oxide.
  • Exploited the absence of graphite intercalation compound formation due to precursor structure.
  • Leveraged potassium permanganate's attack on in-plane defects and edges for carboxyl group generation.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a substantial increase in carboxyl group population on the graphene oxide surface.
  • Demonstrated carboxyl group formation primarily through attack on structural defects and edges.
  • Confirmed no sheet cutting or unzipping, evidenced by the absence of carbon dot formation.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed selective method effectively enhances carboxyl group density on graphene oxide.
  • The precursor's single-layer structure and lack of ordered stacking are critical for the reaction mechanism.
  • This method yields a hydrophilic graphene oxide derivative suitable for biomedical applications.