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Targets for Drug Action: Overview01:26

Targets for Drug Action: Overview

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Drugs target macromolecules to modify ongoing cellular processes. Primary drug targets include receptors, ion channels, transporters, and enzymes.
Receptors are either membrane-spanning or intracellular proteins, which upon binding a ligand, get activated and transmit the signal downstream to elicit a response. Drugs bind receptors, either mimicking the action of endogenous ligands or blocking the receptor activity to bring about a modified response. Nearly 35% of approved drugs target the G...
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Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
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Physiological Barriers01:25

Physiological Barriers

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Physiological barriers are semi-permeable cellular structures restricting drug diffusion into intracellular compartments and tissues. There are six types of physiological barriers: blood endothelial, cell membrane, blood-brain, blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood-placenta, and blood-testis barriers.
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Predicting In Vivo Payloads Delivery using a Blood-brain Tumor-barrier in a Dish
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Brain-Targeted Drug Delivery.

Flávia Sousa1

  • 1Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain diseases impact 1 in 6 globally, encompassing conditions like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, epilepsy, and stroke. Understanding these neurological disorders is crucial for public health and developing effective treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroscience
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Brain diseases represent a significant global health burden, affecting one in six individuals worldwide.
  • The spectrum of neurological disorders is broad, including neurodegenerative conditions, injuries, cancers, infections, and cerebrovascular events.

Discussion:

  • The prevalence highlights the urgent need for advanced research into the underlying mechanisms of diverse brain diseases.
  • Effective management and treatment strategies require a comprehensive understanding of neurological pathologies.

Key Insights:

  • Neurological conditions pose a substantial challenge to healthcare systems globally.
  • Research into Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, epilepsy, brain injuries, cancer, neuroinfections, and strokes is critical.

Outlook:

  • Future research should focus on early detection, innovative therapies, and preventative measures for brain diseases.
  • Interdisciplinary collaboration is essential to address the complexity of neurological disorders and improve patient outcomes.