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Updated: Aug 27, 2025

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
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Cooperative Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks.

Irfan Ahmad1, Taj Rahman1, Asim Zeb2

  • 1Department of Physical & Numerical Science, Qurtuba University of Science & Information Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The cooperative energy-efficient routing (CEER) protocol enhances underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) by using sink mobility and cooperative techniques. This approach improves network lifetime and reliability while reducing energy consumption.

Keywords:
CEERPDRUWSNscooperative routingenergy-efficient routingsink node

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Area of Science:

  • Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs)
  • Network protocols
  • Energy efficiency

Background:

  • Sensor nodes in UWSNs rely on limited-power batteries, making energy consumption a critical challenge.
  • Direct data forwarding to a single sink node creates hotspots, reducing network reliability and stability.
  • Existing routing protocols often fail to address energy constraints and hotspot issues effectively.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a Cooperative Energy-Efficient Routing (CEER) protocol for UWSNs.
  • To enhance network lifetime and reliability.
  • To mitigate energy consumption and the hotspot problem.

Main Methods:

  • Implemented a sink mobility scheme to distribute the data gathering load.
  • Divided the network area into multiple sections with sink nodes deployed in each.
  • Utilized a cooperative technique to improve data transmission reliability.

Main Results:

  • The CEER protocol demonstrated superior performance compared to existing routing protocols.
  • Significant improvements observed in packet delivery ratio (PDR).
  • Reduced energy consumption, transmission loss, and end-to-end delay.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed CEER protocol effectively addresses energy efficiency and reliability in UWSNs.
  • Sink mobility and cooperative strategies are key to overcoming UWSN limitations.
  • CEER offers a promising solution for extending the operational life of underwater sensor networks.