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Related Concept Videos

Principles of Disease Surveillance01:26

Principles of Disease Surveillance

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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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Steps in Outbreak Investigation01:18

Steps in Outbreak Investigation

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In the ever-evolving field of public health, statistical analysis serves as a cornerstone for understanding and managing disease outbreaks. By leveraging various statistical tools, health professionals can predict potential outbreaks, analyze ongoing situations, and devise effective responses to mitigate impact. For that to happen, there are a few possible stages of the analysis:
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Study Designs in Epidemiology01:20

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Epidemiological study designs are fundamental tools for investigating the distribution, determinants, and control of health conditions in populations. They help researchers understand the relationships between exposures and outcomes, and they broadly fall into two categories: "observational" and "experimental" studies.
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Statistical Methods for Analyzing Epidemiological Data01:25

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Epidemiological data primarily involves information on specific populations' occurrence, distribution, and determinants of health and diseases. This data is crucial for understanding disease patterns and impacts, aiding public health decision-making and disease prevention strategies. The analysis of epidemiological data employs various statistical methods to interpret health-related data effectively. Here are some commonly used methods:
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Bias in Epidemiological Studies01:29

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Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:  
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Introduction to Epidemiology01:26

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Epidemiology, known as the cornerstone of public health, involves studying the distribution and determinants of health-related events in defined populations and applying these insights to control health issues. This is essential for understanding how diseases spread, identifying populations at greater risk, and implementing measures to control or prevent outbreaks. Epidemiology addresses not only infectious diseases but also non-communicable conditions like cancer and cardiovascular disease,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 27, 2025

Visualizing Field Data Collection Procedures of Exposure and Biomarker Assessments for the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network Trial in India
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Measles surveillance in Kashmir: A mixed methods study.

Khalid Bashir1, Khurshid Ahmad Wani2, Mariya Amin Qurieshi3

  • 1Senior Resident, Department of Community Medicine, GMC, Srinagar, India.

Indian Journal of Public Health
|September 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Measles surveillance in Kashmir is not effective, lacking WHO guideline adherence. Key barriers include poor planning, stakeholder communication, training, and logistics, hindering measles elimination efforts.

Keywords:
Immunizationmeaslessurveillance

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Immunization Programs

Background:

  • Effective measles surveillance is crucial for monitoring program success and identifying gaps for public health interventions.
  • Achieving measles elimination relies on robust surveillance systems to guide response strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the strengths and weaknesses of the existing measles surveillance system in Kashmir.
  • To assess measles-containing vaccine (MCV1 and MCV2) coverage in children under five and analyze health-seeking behaviors for suspected measles cases.

Main Methods:

  • A mixed-methods study conducted in the Kashmir valley from March 2018 to March 2019.
  • Qualitative data collected through 32 in-depth interviews with stakeholders at various health system levels.
  • Quantitative survey conducted in two districts (Srinagar and Ganderbal) to assess vaccine coverage and health-seeking patterns.

Main Results:

  • 52% of suspected measles cases visited Primary Health Centers (PHCs); 64 cases received two doses of MCV.
  • No clinically suspected measles cases underwent further investigation.
  • Qualitative analysis revealed themes on surveillance description, influencing factors, barriers, need for intensification, and recommendations for improvement.

Conclusions:

  • The measles surveillance system in Kashmir is not functioning effectively and does not adhere to WHO guidelines.
  • Significant barriers identified include lack of planning, advocacy, awareness, communication, training, logistics, incentives, and monitoring.
  • Intensified measles surveillance activities and addressing identified barriers are essential for an effective system.