Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 27, 2025

Cone Beam Intraoperative Computed Tomography-based Image Guidance for Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Interbody Fusion
Published on: August 6, 2019
Spine injections: the rationale for CT guidance.
Sanja Bogdanovic1, Reto Sutter2, Veronika Zubler2
1Department of Radiology, Orthopedic University Hospital Balgrist, Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland. Sanja.Bogdanovic@balgrist.ch.
Computed tomography (CT)-guided spinal injections offer a safe, minimally invasive approach for diagnosing and treating back pain, particularly radicular pain and spinal stenosis, with precise needle placement and low radiation exposure.
Area of Science:
- Interventional Radiology
- Pain Management
- Spinal Imaging
Background:
- Back pain is a prevalent condition with significant socioeconomic impact.
- Minimally invasive imaging-guided spinal injections are used for pain diagnosis and treatment.
- Corticosteroid infiltration is a common therapeutic approach for specific spinal conditions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the applications of CT-guided spinal injections.
- To discuss optimal procedures for nerve root and epidural injections.
- To outline the risks and side effects associated with CT-guided spine injections.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing literature on CT-guided spinal injections.
- Focus on CT-guided nerve root and epidural injections.
- Discussion of procedural techniques, safety, and outcomes.
Main Results:
- CT-guided spine injections provide precise needle placement and excellent visualization.
- The procedure is associated with low radiation exposure for patients and practitioners.
- CT guidance is effective for diagnosing pain origin and delivering targeted corticosteroid treatment.
Conclusions:
- CT-guided spinal injections are a safe and effective minimally invasive technique.
- The review covers diverse applications, optimal procedures, and potential risks.
- This method aids in managing radicular pain and spinal stenosis.
Related Concept Videos
Radiological Investigation I: X-ray and CT
Imaging Studies I: CT and MRI
Description of the Procedures
Computed Tomography (CT) scan:
Computed Tomography (CT) scans use X-ray technology to generate detailed images of bones, organs, and tissues. During the scan, the patient lies on a moving table...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

