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Group Polarization01:01

Group Polarization

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Group polarization is the strengthening of an original group attitude following the discussion of views within a group (Teger & Pruitt, 1967). That is, if a group initially favors a viewpoint, after discussion the group consensus is likely a stronger endorsement of the viewpoint. Conversely, if the group was initially opposed to a viewpoint, group discussion would likely lead to stronger opposition.
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Groupthink01:34

Groupthink

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When in group settings, we are often influenced by the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors around us. Groupthink is another phenomenon of conformity where modification of the opinions of members in a group aligns with what they believe is the group consensus (Janis, 1972). In such situations, the group often takes action that individuals would not perform outside the group setting because groups make more extreme decisions than individuals do. Moreover, groupthink can hinder opposing trains of...
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Social Traps01:41

Social Traps

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Social traps are negative situations where people get caught in a direction or relationship that later proves to be unpleasant, with no easy way to back out of or avoid. The concept was orignally introduced by John Platt who applied psychology to Garrett Hardin's "Tragedy of the Commons", where in New England herd owners could let their cattle graze in the common ground. This situation seems like a good idea, but an individual could have an advantage. If they owned...
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Genetic Drift03:33

Genetic Drift

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Natural selection—probably the most well-known evolutionary mechanism—increases the prevalence of traits that enhance survival and reproduction. However, evolution does not merely propagate favorable traits, nor does it always benefit populations.
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Social Facilitation01:04

Social Facilitation

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Not all intergroup interactions lead to negative outcomes. Sometimes, being in a group situation can improve performance. Social facilitation occurs when an individual performs better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs the behavior alone. This typically occurs when people are performing a task for which they are skilled.
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In- and Out-Groups01:31

In- and Out-Groups

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People all belong to a gender, race, age, and social economic group. These groups provide a powerful source of our identity and self-esteem (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) and serve as our in-groups. An in-group is a group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 27, 2025

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
06:42

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

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Backlash policy diffusion to populists in power.

James F Adams1, Tobias Böhmelt2, Lawrence Ezrow2

  • 1UC Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America.

Plos One
|September 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Governing populist parties abroad provoke backlash, not policy emulation, from other political parties. Parties distance themselves from populists to avoid electoral vulnerability, constraining populism’s spread.

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Area of Science:

  • Political Science
  • Comparative Politics
  • International Relations

Background:

  • Political parties often emulate policies of governing parties in other countries, leading to transnational policy diffusion.
  • Populist parties in power present unique governing dilemmas, balancing anti-system stances with effective governance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how political parties programmatically respond to populist parties in power internationally.
  • To identify and analyze the "foreign populist backlash effect" on policy diffusion.

Main Methods:

  • Large-scale comparative study analyzing programmatic positions of over 200 European parties since the 1970s.
  • Spatial econometric analysis to estimate international policy connections between parties.

Main Results:

  • Populist parties in government abroad trigger a policy backlash, rather than emulation, from parties in other states.
  • This backlash occurs as parties distance themselves from the perceived electoral vulnerabilities of governing populists.

Conclusions:

  • The "foreign populist backlash effect" constrains the transnational spread of populism in Western democracies.
  • Understanding this effect is crucial for analyzing party strategies and the future of democratic politics.