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Related Concept Videos

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
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Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias01:29

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Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are irregular heart rhythms that result from abnormal electrical activity in the heart, affecting its ability to circulate blood efficiently. Tachyarrhythmias, a subset of dysrhythmias, are characterized by abnormally fast heart rates exceeding 100 beats per minute. Here are some types of tachyarrhythmias with their distinct ECG features:Sinus Tachycardia:Sinus tachycardia presents a regular heart rhythm with an increased rate of 101-180 beats per...
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Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias01:28

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Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.
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Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias01:18

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Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...
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Dysrhythmias II: Classification of Tachyarrhythmias01:28

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Tachyarrhythmias are a type of dysrhythmia where the heart rate exceeds 100 beats per minute. Here are some common types of tachyarrhythmias:Sinus TachycardiaSinus tachycardia originates from increased impulses from the sinus node, leading to an elevated heart rate. It is often triggered by stress, fever, or exercise.Patients may experience palpitations, a sensation of a racing heart, dizziness, and chest discomfort.Causes and Risk Factors: Common causes include physical exertion, emotional...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 27, 2025

High-Resolution Endocardial and Epicardial Optical Mapping in a Sheep Model of Stretch-Induced Atrial Fibrillation
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Pathophysiology of Typical Atrial Flutter.

Yari Valeri1, Giuseppe Bagliani1, Paolo Compagnucci1

  • 1Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, University Hospital "Ospedali Riuniti", Via Conca 71, Ancona 60126, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy.

Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics
|September 24, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding atrial flutter requires knowing its circuit. This study clarifies the anatomical structures, including the critical inferior vena cava-tricuspid isthmus, that define typical atrial flutter pathways.

Keywords:
By-standerCatheter ablationCommon and uncommon variantsCrista terminalisInferior vena cava-tricuspid isthmusReentrant arrhythmiasRight atriumTypical atrial flutter

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Electrophysiology
  • Cardiac Anatomy

Background:

  • Reentrant arrhythmias, including atrial flutter, have well-defined pathophysiology.
  • Anatomic and functional elements of macro reentrant arrhythmias are not always clearly defined.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To illustrate the anatomical structures defining typical atrial flutter circuits.
  • To highlight the roles of the inferior vena cava-tricuspid isthmus and crista terminalis.
  • To describe the left atrial contribution to the electrocardiogram (ECG) in atrial flutter.

Main Methods:

  • Review of anatomical and electrophysiological data related to typical atrial flutter.
  • Focus on macro reentrant circuits in the atria.

Main Results:

  • Detailed illustration of clockwise and counterclockwise atrial flutter circuits.
  • Emphasis on the critical role of the inferior vena cava-tricuspid isthmus (CTI) and crista terminalis.
  • The left atrium is electrophysiologically passive but crucial for ECG manifestation.

Conclusions:

  • Anatomical delineation of atrial flutter circuits enhances understanding of reentrant arrhythmias.
  • The CTI and crista terminalis are key anatomical landmarks in typical atrial flutter.
  • Left atrial involvement is essential for the ECG phenotype of atrial flutter.