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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 27, 2025

Triplet Fusion Upconversion Nanocapsule Synthesis
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Triplet Fusion Upconversion Nanocapsule Synthesis.

Tracy H Schloemer1, Samuel N Sanders2, Qi Zhou3

  • 1Rowland Institute, Harvard University; Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University.

Journal of Visualized Experiments : Jove
|September 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed durable silica-coated nanocapsules for triplet fusion upconversion (UC). This breakthrough enables efficient, high-energy light generation for advanced volumetric 3D printing applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Photonics
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Triplet fusion upconversion (UC) generates high-energy photons from lower-energy inputs, crucial for light applications.
  • Existing UC materials face challenges like poor solubility, high concentrations, and oxygen sensitivity, limiting their use.
  • Nanoencapsulation improves UC material performance but often lacks durability in organic solvents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer a robust nanoencapsulation technique for triplet fusion upconversion materials.
  • To overcome limitations of solubility, concentration, and oxygen sensitivity in UC systems.
  • To enable UC-based volumetric 3D printing through enhanced material stability.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a novel nanoencapsulation method using oleic acid nanodroplets coated with a silica shell.
  • Synthesized upconversion nanocapsules (NCs) suitable for both small-scale and large-scale production.
  • Incorporated the UC-loaded silica NCs into a 3D printing resin.

Main Results:

  • Achieved durable UC nanocapsules resistant to organic solvents.
  • Demonstrated successful triplet fusion upconversion-facilitated volumetric 3D printing.
  • Enabled photopatterning beyond the surface of the 3D printing vat.

Conclusions:

  • The developed silica-encapsulation technique provides a durable solution for UC materials.
  • This approach significantly advances the application of UC in volumetric 3D printing.
  • The presented protocols offer a foundation for adapting UC for various 3D printing technologies.