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Related Concept Videos

Torque01:10

Torque

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Torque is an important quantity for describing the dynamics of a rotating rigid body. We see the application of torque in many ways in the world, such as when pressing the accelerator in a car, which causes the engine to apply additional torque on the drivetrain. Here, we define torque and provide a framework to create an equation to calculate torque for a rigid body with fixed-axis rotation.
Torque can be considered as the rotational counterpart to force. Since forces change the translational...
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Net Torque Calculations01:19

Net Torque Calculations

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When a mechanic tries to remove a hex nut with a wrench, it is easier if the force is applied at the farthest end of the wrench handle. The lever arm is the distance from the pivot point (the hex nut in this case) to the person’s hand. If this distance is large, the torque is higher. Only the component of the force perpendicular to the lever arm contributes to the torque. Therefore, pushing the wrench perpendicular to the lever arm is more advantageous. If multiple people apply force to...
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General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading01:12

General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading

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Unsymmetrical bending occurs when the bending moment applied to a structural member does not align with its principal axis. This misalignment leads to complex stress distributions and deflection patterns that differ from symmetrical bending, which are essential for designing structures to withstand different loading conditions.
Consider a member subjected to equal and opposite forces that are applied along a line that does not coincide with the member's neutral axis. In unsymmetrical...
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Isotonic and Isometric Muscle Contractions01:22

Isotonic and Isometric Muscle Contractions

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Two primary types of muscle contractions are isotonic and isometric, each serving unique functions and involving distinct mechanisms. Both isotonic and isometric contractions are integral to the body's complex system of movement and stability. Isotonic exercises contribute significantly to functional strength and movement, while isometric contractions are crucial for maintaining posture and joint stability.
Isotonic contractions
Isotonic contractions occur when a muscle changes length while...
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Residual Stresses in Circular Shafts01:10

Residual Stresses in Circular Shafts

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In materials that exhibit elastic and plastic behavior, known as elastoplastic materials, residual stresses can accumulate when these materials experience plastic deformation. This deformation arises from either high levels of shearing stress or significant strains. Residual stresses are internal stresses that persist within a material after removing the external force causing deformation. This phenomenon is demonstrated when observing the behavior of a shaft under torque; notably, the...
515
Eccentric Loading01:16

Eccentric Loading

909
Eccentric loading is a crucial concept in the study of structural engineering and mechanics, particularly when analyzing the stability and stress distribution in columns. Unlike centric loading, where the force is applied along the centroidal axis, causing uniform compression, eccentric loading occurs when a force is applied off-center. This off-center application introduces not only direct compressive stress but also bending stress, significantly influencing the column's behavior under...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

In Vivo Measurement of Hindlimb Dorsiflexor Isometric Torque from Pig
09:41

In Vivo Measurement of Hindlimb Dorsiflexor Isometric Torque from Pig

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Differences in elbow flexion torque measured concentrically, eccentrically, and isometrically.

J W Griffin

    Physical Therapy
    |August 1, 1987
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Eccentric muscle testing generated higher peak torque than isometric or concentric testing. However, test-retest reliability for elbow flexor isokinetic torque was inconsistent, suggesting protocol modifications are needed.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomechanics
    • Human Physiology
    • Sports Medicine

    Background:

    • Understanding torque-velocity relationships is crucial for assessing muscle function.
    • Isokinetic testing is a common method for evaluating muscle strength and performance.
    • Reliability of testing protocols ensures accurate and repeatable measurements.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe torque-velocity relationships for elbow flexor muscles during concentric, eccentric, and isometric contractions.
    • To determine the test-retest reliability of a specific isokinetic testing protocol for elbow flexors.

    Main Methods:

    • Thirty healthy women performed isokinetic dynamometry at velocities of 0, 30, 120, and 210 degrees/sec.
    • Test-retest reliability was assessed in 20 participants by repeating tests after a 30-minute rest interval.
    • Peak torque was defined as the highest torque from three maximal efforts.

    Main Results:

    • Mean eccentric peak torque exceeded isometric and concentric peak torque.
    • The difference between concentric and eccentric torques increased with higher isokinetic velocities.
    • Intraclass correlation coefficients (0.72–0.83) indicated suboptimal test-retest consistency.

    Conclusions:

    • Isokinetic testing revealed that eccentric contractions produce greater torque than concentric or isometric ones.
    • The study highlights potential issues with test-retest reliability in isokinetic elbow flexor protocols.
    • Further research is recommended to refine protocols and understand concentric-eccentric torque-velocity dynamics.