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Related Concept Videos

The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells02:53

Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells

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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
Some of the advantages that cancer cells have on normal cells include - enhanced ability to divide without terminally differentiating, induce new blood vessel formation,...
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Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance02:40

Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance

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Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
Cancer stem cells are thought to originate from tissue-specific normal stem cells or progenitor cells. The normal stem cells usually reside in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 27, 2025

Tumor Transplantation for Assessing the Dynamics of Tumor-Infiltrating CD8+ T Cells in Mice
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[Clonal Evolution in the Tumor Microenvironment].

Youki Ueda1, Yosuke Togashi

  • 1Tumor Microenvironment, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University.

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Summary

Understanding cancer cell and immune cell evolution is key to predicting immunotherapy success. Single-cell analysis reveals tumor microenvironment dynamics, aiding biomarker and therapy development.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Cancer immunotherapy shows promise but faces challenges in predicting treatment efficacy.
  • Tumor cells and immune cells co-evolve within the tumor microenvironment, complicating therapeutic responses.
  • Predicting treatment outcomes and developing novel therapies require understanding this dynamic clonal evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the clonal evolution of tumor and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment.
  • To highlight the necessity of single-cell level analyses for understanding cellular heterogeneity.
  • To explore how sequential analyses of pre- and post-treatment samples can reveal clonal progression.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing single-cell sequencing for comprehensive gene expression analysis.
  • Analyzing T-cell and B-cell receptor sequences for immune cell profiling.
  • Employing spatial analysis technologies to maintain tissue location information.
  • Comparing pre- and post-treatment samples from the same patients for longitudinal studies.

Main Results:

  • Single-cell analyses are essential for dissecting the heterogeneity of tumor and immune cell populations.
  • Advanced sequencing and spatial technologies enable detailed mapping of clonal evolution.
  • Sequential sampling provides insights into dynamic changes in the tumor microenvironment during treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Elucidating clonal evolution at the single-cell level is crucial for developing predictive biomarkers.
  • Understanding tumor and immune cell dynamics can lead to the development of more effective cancer immunotherapies.
  • Technological advancements in single-cell and spatial analysis are transforming the study of tumor microenvironment evolution.