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Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations01:26

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

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Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...
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Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

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Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
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Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
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Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies01:30

Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies

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Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 27, 2025

An Experimental Model of Myocardial Infarction for Studying Cardiac Repair and Remodeling in Knockout Mice
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Levels of Galectin-3 in Chronic Heart Failure: A Case-Control Study.

Altaff Khadeja Bi1, Viswan Santhosh1, Karthik Sigamani2

  • 1Clinical Biochemistry, Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Chengalpattu, IND.

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|September 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Elevated galectin-3 levels are significantly associated with chronic heart failure (CHF). This biomarker shows high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing CHF, aiding in identifying patients with adverse cardiac remodeling.

Keywords:
biomarkerscardiac remodelingcollagengalectinheart failurepathogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Biomarkers
  • Heart Failure Research

Background:

  • Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a progressive syndrome often linked to adverse cardiac remodeling.
  • Galectin-3 is implicated as a key factor promoting cardiac remodeling in CHF.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify galectin-3 levels in CHF patients versus controls.
  • To investigate the correlation between galectin-3 levels and patient demographics (age, gender) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).

Main Methods:

  • A case-control study involving 55 CHF patients and 55 controls.
  • Plasma galectin-3 levels measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
  • Statistical analysis included t-tests, ANOVA, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

Main Results:

  • CHF patients exhibited significantly higher plasma galectin-3 levels (9.95±2.8 ng/mL) compared to controls (4.08±1.3 ng/mL) (p<0.0001).
  • Galectin-3 levels increased with age in both groups (p<0.00001) but showed no significant gender association.
  • Significant differences in galectin-3 levels were observed across LVEF subgroups (p<0.0001).
  • A cut-off of 8 ng/mL for plasma galectin-3 demonstrated 92% sensitivity and 71% specificity for CHF prediction.

Conclusions:

  • Plasma galectin-3 is a valuable biomarker for identifying CHF.
  • Elevated galectin-3 levels are linked to maladaptive cardiac remodeling in CHF.
  • Galectin-3 measurement aids in the diagnosis of chronic heart failure.