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Related Concept Videos

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a long-lasting respiratory condition requiring continuous attention and care. It is a progressive lung disease that leads to breathing challenges due to airflow obstruction. It manifests as persistent respiratory symptoms and restricted airflow resulting from abnormalities in the airways and alveoli, usually due to long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases. COPD mainly consists of two primary conditions: emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
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Understanding the variety of primary symptoms and systemic complications that characterize chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is crucial for healthcare professionals.
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease01:22

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COPD is defined as a heterogeneous lung condition marked by persistent respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and sputum production, caused by abnormalities in the airways that cause airflow obstruction.
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In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
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Relapsing polychondritis causing breathlessness: Two case reports.

Song-Yu Zhai1, Yu-Hao Zhang2, Ru-Yan Guo3

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xi'an Fourth Hospital, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China.

World Journal of Clinical Cases
|September 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Relapsing polychondritis affecting the larynx and trachea requires prompt diagnosis and individualized treatment. Early intervention with diagnostic tools like bronchoscopy can improve outcomes for this rare autoimmune condition.

Keywords:
Case reportLarynxRelapsing polychondritisTrachea

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Immunology
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Relapsing polychondritis is a rare autoimmune disorder targeting cartilage and proteoglycan-rich tissues.
  • Laryngeal and tracheal involvement signifies rapid deterioration and poor prognosis due to airway collapse.
  • Improved clinical awareness of diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis is crucial for this condition.

Observation:

  • Two patients presented with breathlessness, leading to a diagnosis of relapsing polychondritis.
  • Standard treatments with glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants were insufficient for severe breathing difficulties.
  • Tracheotomy was required to manage airway compromise in both cases.

Findings:

  • Timely diagnosis, comprehensive evaluation, and tailored treatment are vital for relapsing polychondritis with airway involvement.
  • Diagnostic procedures including laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy, and pathological examination aid in diagnosis.
  • Glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants may not be sufficient in advanced cases, necessitating airway intervention.

Implications:

  • Highlights the critical need for early recognition and management of laryngeal and tracheal relapsing polychondritis.
  • Emphasizes the utility of specific diagnostic tools for accurate disease identification.
  • Underscores the importance of individualized treatment strategies, including surgical intervention when necessary, for better patient outcomes.