Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cholesterol: Significance and Regulation01:29

Cholesterol: Significance and Regulation

647
Although not a source of energy, cholesterol plays a significant role as a foundational structure for bile salts, steroid hormones, and vitamin D, as well as being a crucial component of plasma membranes. Approximately 15% of blood cholesterol is derived from our diet, with the remainder synthesized from acetyl CoA by the liver and intestines. Cholesterol is eliminated from the body through its conversion into bile salts, which are eventually discarded in the feces.
Considering cholesterol and...
647
Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System III: Serum Lipid Profile01:25

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System III: Serum Lipid Profile

269
Understanding serum lipids is crucial for maintaining cardiovascular health and preventing heart disease and stroke.
Serum lipids are fats and fatty substances in the blood and are crucial for various bodily functions, including energy storage, cellular structure, and hormone production. Serum lipids consist of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids.
Cholesterol is a soft, fat-like substance found in all body cells. It is crucial for producing hormones, vitamin D, and substances that aid...
269
Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT01:25

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT

107
Calcium-Scoring CT ScanA calcium-scoring CT scan, also known as coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan, detects calcium deposits in the coronary arteries. This test assesses the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), which can lead to cardiovascular events such as angina, heart failure, and sudden cardiac arrest.A calcium-scoring CT scan is generally recommended for individuals at intermediate risk of CAD without symptoms. It includes:Men aged 40-75 and women aged 50-75: Especially those with a...
107
Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction

47
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
47
Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Dependence of Elimination Half-Life and Dose Clearance01:23

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Dependence of Elimination Half-Life and Dose Clearance

282
The elimination half-life and drug clearance of drugs following nonlinear kinetics can vary with dosage. The Michaelis-Menten parameters and drug concentration influence these factors. As the dose increases, the elimination half-life tends to lengthen, resulting in a reduction in clearance and a disproportionately larger area under the curve. The total clearance can be derived from the Michaelis-Menten equation for drugs following a one-compartment model.
A study on guinea pigs examined the...
282
Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Incorporating Hepatic Transporter-Mediated Clearance01:07

Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Incorporating Hepatic Transporter-Mediated Clearance

75
Drug transporters are critical in drug absorption, distribution, and excretion processes. They should be included in physiological-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models, which help predict human drug disposition. However, predicting this is challenging during drug development, especially when liver transport is involved. However, with a realistic representation of body transport processes, an accurate model may be possible.
A recent model describes pravastatin's hepatobiliary excretion,...
75

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

HFPO-DA exacerbates acute ischemic stroke outcomes in rats via the CSNK2A1/GSK3B/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Ecotoxicology and environmental safety·2026
Same author

Physical activity and social media addiction: a multi-mediation analysis.

Frontiers in psychology·2026
Same author

[Moxibustion promotes hematoma clearance in rats with intracerebral hemorrhage by up-regulating the expressions of PPARγ/CD36 and M2 phenotype polarization of microglia].

Zhen ci yan jiu = Acupuncture research·2026
Same author

Dynamic inflammatory biomarkers as prognostic indicators in advanced breast cancer patients receiving PD-1 inhibitors.

Therapeutic advances in medical oncology·2026
Same author

Gut microbiota-derived deoxycholic acid shapes an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and promotes breast cancer progression.

Cell metabolism·2026
Same author

Comparison of postoperative deep vein thrombosis incidence between regional anesthesia with monitored anesthesia care and general anesthesia alone in total knee arthroplasty patients.

Frontiers in medicine·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 27, 2025

A High-Throughput Luciferase Assay to Evaluate Proteolysis of the Single-Turnover Protease PCSK9
08:14

A High-Throughput Luciferase Assay to Evaluate Proteolysis of the Single-Turnover Protease PCSK9

Published on: August 28, 2018

8.2K

Sex difference in circulating PCSK9 and its clinical implications.

Fang Jia1, Si-Fan Fei1, De-Bing Tong1

  • 1Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.

Frontiers in Pharmacology
|September 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This review explores sex differences in proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) levels and its impact on cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and neurological outcomes. Understanding these differences is key for personalized medicine.

Keywords:
PCSK9 inhibitorcoronary artery diseaseestrogenproprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9sex difference

More Related Videos

LDL Cholesterol Uptake Assay Using Live Cell Imaging Analysis with Cell Health Monitoring
08:45

LDL Cholesterol Uptake Assay Using Live Cell Imaging Analysis with Cell Health Monitoring

Published on: November 17, 2018

13.5K
Differential Effects of Lipid-lowering Drugs in Modulating Morphology of Cholesterol Particles
09:15

Differential Effects of Lipid-lowering Drugs in Modulating Morphology of Cholesterol Particles

Published on: November 10, 2017

14.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 27, 2025

A High-Throughput Luciferase Assay to Evaluate Proteolysis of the Single-Turnover Protease PCSK9
08:14

A High-Throughput Luciferase Assay to Evaluate Proteolysis of the Single-Turnover Protease PCSK9

Published on: August 28, 2018

8.2K
LDL Cholesterol Uptake Assay Using Live Cell Imaging Analysis with Cell Health Monitoring
08:45

LDL Cholesterol Uptake Assay Using Live Cell Imaging Analysis with Cell Health Monitoring

Published on: November 17, 2018

13.5K
Differential Effects of Lipid-lowering Drugs in Modulating Morphology of Cholesterol Particles
09:15

Differential Effects of Lipid-lowering Drugs in Modulating Morphology of Cholesterol Particles

Published on: November 10, 2017

14.7K

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Science
  • Endocrinology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) regulates LDL-C by degrading LDL receptors.
  • PCSK9 has direct vascular effects and is linked to coronary plaque inflammation.
  • Emerging data suggest higher PCSK9 levels in women than men.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review sex differences in circulating PCSK9 levels.
  • To examine sex-specific associations of PCSK9 with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and neurological injury.
  • To discuss sex differences in PCSK9 inhibitor efficacy and underlying mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on PCSK9 and sex differences.
  • Analysis of associations between PCSK9 levels, sex, and various health outcomes.
  • Review of clinical trial data on PCSK9 inhibitors.

Main Results:

  • Women generally exhibit higher circulating PCSK9 concentrations than men.
  • Sex differences exist in PCSK9's association with coronary artery disease severity and prognosis.
  • Variations in PCSK9's impact on type 2 diabetes, neurological damage, and HDL-C levels by sex are noted.

Conclusions:

  • Sex is a significant factor influencing PCSK9 levels and its clinical implications.
  • Understanding sex differences in PCSK9 is crucial for targeted therapies and improved patient outcomes.
  • Further research into the mechanisms driving these sex differences is warranted.