Global patterns and changes of carbon emissions from land use during 1992-2015

Carbon emissions from land use (E _LUC) are an important part of anthropogenic CO₂ emissions, but its size and location remain uncertain, and our knowledge of the relationship between E _LUC and GDP remains partial. We showed that the carbon emissions directly caused by land use change (direct E _LUC) during 1992-2015 was 26.54 Pg C (1.15 Pg C yr^-1), with a decreased trend and a net reduction rate of -0.15 Pg C yr^-1. The areas that exhibited reductions were concentrated in South America, Central Africa, and Southeast Asia, and those with increments were scattered in Northwestern North America, Eastern South America, Central Africa, East Asia, and parts of Southeast Asia. For the indirect carbon emissions from the utilization of built-up land (indirect E _LUC), it manifested an upward trend with a total emission of 27.51 Pg C (1.2 Pg C yr^-1). The total value resulted by global E _LUC was $136.3 × 10⁹ US, and the value of annual was equivalent to 3.7 times the GDP of the Central African Republic in 2015 ($5.93 × 10⁹ US yr^-1). Among the 79 countries and regions considered in this study, 54 represented the upward GDP with increased emissions, and only 25 experienced GDP growth with emission reductions. These findings highlight the pivotal role of land use change in the carbon cycle and the significance of coordinated development between GDP and carbon emissions.