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Related Concept Videos

Inducible Operons: lac Operon01:25

Inducible Operons: lac Operon

102
The lac operon in Escherichia coli is a model for understanding inducible gene regulation and metabolic flexibility. It integrates local control by lactose and global regulation through catabolite repression, enabling E. coli to preferentially metabolize glucose when available and switch to lactose utilization when glucose is scarce.Structure and Function of the lac OperonThe lac operon contains three structural genes: lacZ (β-galactosidase), lacY (lactose permease), and lacA...
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Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors01:58

Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

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The organization of prokaryotic genes in their genome is notably different from that of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic genes are organized, such that the genes for proteins involved in the same biochemical process or function are located together in groups. This group of genes, along with their regulatory elements, are collectively known as an operon. The functional genes in an operon are transcribed together to give a single strand of mRNA known as polycistronic mRNA.
Transcription of prokaryotic...
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Global Regulatory Systems01:28

Global Regulatory Systems

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Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...
66
Operon Model01:23

Operon Model

90
The operon model represents a fundamental mechanism of gene regulation in prokaryotes, enabling coordinated expression of genes involved in related metabolic or functional pathways. Operons consist of structural genes, a promoter, and an operator, with transcription regulated by repressors, activators, and small effector molecules.Structure and Function of OperonsAn operon is a cluster of structural genes transcribed together under the control of a single promoter. The promoter region...
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Operons02:09

Operons

49.6K
Prokaryotes can control gene expression through operons—DNA sequences consisting of regulatory elements and clustered, functionally related protein-coding genes. Operons use a single promoter sequence to initiate transcription of a gene cluster (i.e., a group of structural genes) into a single mRNA molecule. The terminator sequence ends transcription. An operator sequence, located between the promoter and structural genes, prohibits the operon’s transcriptional activity if bound by...
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Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

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Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 27, 2025

An Engineered Split-TET2 Enzyme for Chemical-inducible DNA Hydroxymethylation and Epigenetic Remodeling
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Chemically inducible split protein regulators for mammalian cells.

Erik Rihtar1,2, Tina Lebar1, Duško Lainšček1

  • 1Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Nature Chemical Biology
|September 27, 2022
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Summary

We developed a new synthetic biology tool called INSPIRE to control biological processes using small molecules. This system uses human-origin proteins for safer and more effective therapeutic applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Synthetic biology
  • Molecular and Cell Biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Chemically inducible systems are crucial for controlling biological processes.
  • Therapeutic translation of these systems is hindered by ligand issues and immunogenicity.
  • Existing systems often use non-human components, raising safety concerns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer a novel inducible system using human-origin proteins for therapeutic applications.
  • To enable external control of gene expression with physiological ligands or approved drugs.
  • To overcome limitations of current chemically inducible systems.

Main Methods:

  • Developed the Inducible Split Protein Regulators (INSPIRE) platform.
  • Split ligand-binding proteins into two fragments that reassemble upon ligand binding.
  • Engineered systems for dynamic, orthogonal, and multiplex control of gene expression.
  • Demonstrated in vivo functionality using a glucocorticoid-responsive INSPIRE system.

Main Results:

  • Successfully engineered the INSPIRE platform for precise gene expression control in mammalian cells.
  • Showcased dynamic, orthogonal, and multiplex gene regulation capabilities.
  • Validated in vivo functionality and application in perturbing endogenous regulatory networks.
  • Demonstrated the system's responsiveness to physiological ligands and approved drugs.

Conclusions:

  • INSPIRE offers a generalizable strategy for designing small-molecule responsive systems.
  • This platform facilitates the development of novel sensors and regulatory networks.
  • INSPIRE holds significant potential for future therapeutic applications.