TRAF3 enhances type I interferon receptor signaling in T cells by modulating the phosphatase PTPN22

Type I interferons (IFNs) are among the most powerful tools that host cells deploy against intracellular pathogens. Their effectiveness is due both to the rapid, directly antiviral effects of IFN-stimulated gene products and to the effects of type I IFN on responding immune cells. Type I IFN signaling through its receptor, IFNAR, is tightly regulated at multiple steps in the signaling cascade, including at the level of IFNAR downstream effectors, which include the kinase JAK1 and the transcriptional regulator STAT1. Here, we found that tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) enhanced the activation of JAK1 and STAT1 specifically in CD4⁺ T cells by preventing recruitment of the negative regulatory phosphatase PTPN22 to the IFNAR complex. The balance between signals through IFNAR and other cytokine receptors influences CD4⁺ T cell differentiation and function during infections. Our work reveals TRAF3 and PTPN22 as key regulators of CD4⁺ T cell activation by type I IFNs.