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    Current methods for assessing seizure risk in animated data visualizations are unreliable for interactive content. This study introduces a new model focusing on author-controlled elements to improve photosensitive epilepsy accessibility.

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    Area of Science:

    • Human-Computer Interaction
    • Accessibility Research
    • Data Visualization

    Background:

    • Web accessibility guidelines restrict animations to prevent seizures in photosensitive epilepsy.
    • Interactive data visualizations often use animation and interactivity, but their photosensitive epilepsy risk is unstudied.
    • Existing methods for assessing seizure risk lack reliability for interactive visualizations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the photosensitive epilepsy risk of interactive and animated data visualizations.
    • To develop a more reliable method for assessing photosensitive risk in visualizations.
    • To propose a theoretical model for understanding and mitigating seizure-inducing elements in visualizations.

    Main Methods:

    • Systematic testing of 1,132 interactive and animated visualizations for seizure-inducing risk.
    • Analysis of 375 bl.ocks.org visualizations to develop a theoretical model of photosensitive risk.
    • Development of a new risk assessment method based on authorial control over flashing content determinants (size, frequency, color).

    Main Results:

    • Established methods for photosensitive risk assessment are unreliable for interactive visualizations, showing significant user-dependent score variations.
    • A theoretical model was created, categorizing risk determinants by designer control.
    • The proposed method, focusing on author-controlled elements, yields more reliable risk assessments for interactive visualizations.

    Conclusions:

    • Interactive data visualizations pose a significant, unaddressed photosensitive epilepsy risk.
    • A new model and testing method are proposed to improve accessibility for users with photosensitive epilepsy.
    • Authorial control over flashing content is key to developing reliable photosensitive risk assessments in visualizations.