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Related Concept Videos

Respiratory Volumes01:15

Respiratory Volumes

1.6K
Respiratory volumes are crucial metrics, meticulously measured to quantify the air exchanged in and out of the lungs during various phases of the breathing cycle. These precise measurements are vital for assessing lung function, diagnosing respiratory conditions, and monitoring overall respiratory health. Each parameter provides specific insights into the mechanics of breathing and the functional capacity of the lungs.
Tidal Volume (TV) Tidal volume (TV) is the air inhaled or exhaled in a...
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Respiratory Volumes and Capacities I01:26

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities I

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Assessing the respiratory rate and rhythm for a complete minute is crucial for evaluating the breathing pattern. Even a minor increase in the patient's average respiratory rate, by as little as three to five breaths per minute, is an early and vital indicator of respiratory distress. Patients with a respiratory rate exceeding twenty-four breaths per minute require close monitoring to determine the physiological alterations. This careful observation is essential for prompt recognition and...
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Respiratory Volumes and Capacities01:22

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

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The respiratory system is responsible for the intake of oxygen and the expulsion of carbon dioxide from the body. Respiratory volumes describe the volume of air in the lungs at different phases of the respiratory cycle. Tidal volume is the air breathed in and out during normal, quiet breathing. Inspiratory reserve volume is the air that can be forcefully inspired beyond the tidal volume. In contrast, expiratory reserve volume refers to the air that can be expelled from the lungs after a normal...
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Assessment of Ventilation II: Respiratory Depth and Rhythm01:29

Assessment of Ventilation II: Respiratory Depth and Rhythm

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Respiratory Depth
Respiratory depth measures the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a breath. It can vary from shallow to deep and typically remains consistent when a person is at rest or asleep. Occasionally, individuals will automatically inhale deeply, known as sighing, which inflates the lungs with more air than normal breathing.
To assess respiratory depth, observe the degree of chest excursion or movement:
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Ventilatory Modes01:14

Ventilatory Modes

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Mechanical ventilators are life-saving devices that support or replace spontaneous breathing. They deliver breaths to patients through varying methods known as ventilator modes. Understanding these modes is critical for healthcare providers managing patients with respiratory failure.
There are three ventilatory modes: full support, partial support, and spontaneous. These are described below.
Full Support Modes
Full support modes include controlled mechanical ventilation, continuous mandatory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 27, 2025

Management of Respiratory Motion Artefacts in 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography using an Amplitude-Based Optimal Respiratory Gating Algorithm
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Management of Respiratory Motion Artefacts in 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography using an Amplitude-Based Optimal Respiratory Gating Algorithm

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ALERT-RA: an aperture library-enabled real-time respiratory motion adaptive framework for 4D-VMAT.

Eric Jessie Christiansen1, Tong Xu1, Emily Heath1

  • 1Carleton Laboratory for Radiotherapy Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.

Medical Physics
|September 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary

The ALERT-RA framework improves real-time adaptive VMAT planning for respiratory motion, offering superior robustness against tumor trajectory variations compared to existing methods.

Keywords:
4D-VMATrespiratory motionrobust optimization

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Image-Guided Therapy

Background:

  • Real-time tumor motion management is crucial for VMAT.
  • Adaptive radiotherapy aims to adjust treatment based on intra-fraction motion.
  • Robustness to trajectory variations is a key challenge in adaptive VMAT.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a robust optimization framework for real-time adaptive VMAT.
  • To evaluate the robustness of the proposed framework against tumor trajectory variations.

Main Methods:

  • Developed the aperture library-enabled real-time robust adaptation (ALERT-RA) framework.
  • Optimized MLC apertures considering probabilistic respiratory motion models.
  • Simulated treatment delivery 50 times per fraction to assess cumulative dose robustness.
  • Compared ALERT-RA with optimized tracking, conformal tracking, and motion-encompassing methods.

Main Results:

  • ALERT-RA demonstrated superior target coverage robustness compared to optimized and conformal tracking methods.
  • For conventional fractionation, ALERT-RA achieved 92-97% prescription dose volume, outperforming others.
  • ALERT-RA showed comparable or better robustness than motion-encompassing methods with lower OAR dose.
  • SBRT results also favored ALERT-RA for robustness and comparable OAR sparing.

Conclusions:

  • The ALERT-RA algorithm provides robust and high-quality adaptive VMAT plans.
  • It effectively mitigates uncertainties arising from tumor motion trajectory variations.
  • ALERT-RA represents a significant advancement in motion-adaptive radiotherapy techniques.