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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

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The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Precipitation Reactions03:10

Precipitation Reactions

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In a precipitation reaction, aqueous solutions of soluble salts react to give an insoluble ionic compound – the precipitate. The reaction occurs when oppositely charged ions in solution overcome their attraction for water and bind to each other, forming a precipitate that separates out from the solution. Since such reactions involve the exchange of ions between ionic compounds in aqueous solution, they are also referred to as double displacement, double replacement, exchange reactions, or...
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1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

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Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
42.0K
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

3.4K
Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by...
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Study on ionic association behavior in sodium nitrate solution.

Jisheng Li1, Lili Sheng2, Qiongyao Wang3

  • 1Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Effificient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Chemistry of Salt Lakes, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 81008, China.

Spectrochimica Acta. Part A, Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy
|September 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Raman spectroscopy reveals how ion pairing in aqueous sodium nitrate solutions changes with concentration. Lower ion pairing and complex structures at higher water content facilitate easier crystal nucleation.

Keywords:
Ion pairMolecular dynamicsRaman spectrum frequencySodium nitrate solution

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Solution Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Understanding ion speciation in aqueous solutions is crucial for predicting crystallization behavior.
  • Sodium nitrate solutions are relevant in various industrial and natural processes.
  • The interplay between ions and water molecules dictates solution properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the chemical species and their transformations in aqueous sodium nitrate solutions.
  • To correlate solution structure with crystallization propensity.
  • To elucidate the role of water/salt molar ratio (WSR) on ion pairing.

Main Methods:

  • Raman spectroscopy was employed to probe vibrational frequencies of nitrate ions.
  • Component analysis was used to quantify different species in solution.
  • Molecular dynamics simulations provided insights into ion coordination and interactions.

Main Results:

  • Nitrate ion vibrational frequency (ν1-NO3-) blue-shifted with increasing concentration.
  • Relative concentration (RC) of free hydrated ions and solvent-shared ion pairs dominated at WSR > 30.
  • Contact ion pairs and complex structures formed at lower WSR (< 30), with sodium and nitrate ions mainly in monodentate coordination.

Conclusions:

  • A lower relative concentration of complex structures in solution leads to reduced supersaturation.
  • Aqueous sodium nitrate solutions with higher WSR exhibit easier crystal nucleation.
  • The study provides a molecular-level understanding of solution behavior influencing crystallization.