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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Updated: Aug 27, 2025

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS of Wernicke's and Broca's Areas in Studies of Language Learning and Word Acquisition
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tDCS modulates speech perception and production in second language learners.

Katy Borodkin1, Tamar Gassner2, Hadeel Ershaid2

  • 1Department of Communication Disorders, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel. katyborodkin@tauex.tau.ac.il.

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Summary

Musical training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) improved second language (L2) speech perception and production in adult learners. This neuromodulation technique enhanced L2 phoneme discrimination and sound production accuracy.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Second Language Acquisition
  • Auditory Perception

Background:

  • Adult language learners face challenges in perceiving and producing nonnative speech sounds.
  • Musical training and neuromodulation are potential tools to enhance L2 learning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of musical training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on L2 speech perception and production.
  • To determine if active tDCS over the auditory cortex enhances L2 sound processing.

Main Methods:

  • 36 native Hebrew speakers learning English as L2 participated.
  • Training involved musical perception tasks with feedback and concurrent anodal or sham tDCS over the left posterior auditory cortex.
  • L2 speech perception (discrimination) and production (imitation) were assessed before and after intervention.

Main Results:

  • No significant effects of tDCS on musical perception were observed.
  • Active tDCS, but not sham, led to improved L2 phoneme discrimination accuracy.
  • Participants receiving active tDCS showed enhanced acoustic properties in L2 speech production (vowels and consonants).

Conclusions:

  • Neuromodulation via tDCS can facilitate the processing of nonnative speech sounds in adult L2 learners.
  • Combining musical training with targeted brain stimulation offers a promising approach for improving L2 auditory skills.