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Related Concept Videos

Endocarditis I: Introduction01:25

Endocarditis I: Introduction

22
Introduction:Endocarditis is the infection of the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart and its valves. When the heart muscle is involved, the condition is termed myocarditis, while an infection of the outer lining is called pericarditis. Infective endocarditis (IE) primarily affects the endocardium, where pathogens adhere to the valves or lining, forming vegetation that can lead to severe complications. Infective endocarditis occurs when microorganisms, usually bacteria from other body...
22
Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis01:25

Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis

23
Endocarditis can present various clinical features depending on the causative organism and the patient's underlying health conditions. Initially, the clinical features of infective endocarditis develop gradually, presenting with nonspecific symptoms that can be easily mistaken for other illnesses.General SymptomsEarly symptoms of infective endocarditis are fever, chills, weakness, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. These symptoms reflect the systemic nature of the infection and the body's...
23
Endocarditis III: Medical Management01:18

Endocarditis III: Medical Management

13
Infective endocarditis management involves a multifaceted approach encompassing infection prevention, lifestyle modifications, pharmacological therapy, and surgical management.Infection Prevention:Hand Hygiene: Thorough handwashing is crucial to prevent the spread of infection. Hand hygiene should be performed regularly, especially before and after using the restroom.Oral Hygiene: Good oral hygiene is essential. It includes brushing teeth immediately after waking up and before bed, flossing...
13
Endocarditis IV: Nursing Management01:29

Endocarditis IV: Nursing Management

22
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a chronic infection of the heart's endocardium, primarily affecting the heart valves. A detailed nursing assessment for a patient with IE involves collecting subjective and objective data to ensure an accurate diagnosis and timely intervention.Subjective DataThe nurse gathers information about the patient's symptoms and complaints during the subjective assessment. Patients with infective endocarditis often report non-specific symptoms that can mimic other...
22
Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

31
Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
31
Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

Myocarditis I: Introduction

23
Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
23

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Related Experiment Video

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Experimental Endocarditis Model of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA in Rat
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Infective endocarditis in developing countries: An update.

Reuben K Mutagaywa1,2, Josephine C Vroon1, Lulu Fundikira1,2

  • 1Division of Heart and Lung, Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.

Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine
|September 29, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Infective endocarditis (IE) shows changing microbiology in developing nations, with increased Streptococcus and Staphylococcus infections. Despite advances, mortality remains high, underscoring the need for timely diagnosis and management of IE, rheumatic heart disease (RHD), and congenital heart disease (CHD).

Keywords:
developing countriesinfective endocarditismorbiditymortalityrheumatic heart disease

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Infective endocarditis (IE) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality globally.
  • Epidemiology of IE differs between developed and developing countries, with increasing prevalence of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and congenital heart disease (CHD) as predisposing factors.
  • A review of literature on IE in developing countries is crucial to understand current trends and challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and analyze the literature on infective endocarditis (IE) in developing countries.
  • To compare the epidemiology, microbiology, treatment, and mortality of IE over time.
  • To identify trends and challenges in IE management in resource-limited settings.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of IE studies in developing countries using PubMed and Embase.
  • Studies were divided into two groups: pre-2015 (group 1) and post-2015 (group 2).
  • Analysis focused on differences in epidemiology, microbiology, treatment, and mortality, guided by the Scale for Assessment of Narrative Review Articles.

Main Results:

  • 16 studies (2,503 IE cases) were included. Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) prevalence decreased over time (42.3% vs. 30.3%), while congenital heart disease (CHD) remained stable (17.6% vs. 16.7%).
  • Infections caused by Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus increased (26.2% to 37.7% and 15.3% to 23.6%, respectively).
  • Negative blood cultures (NBC) and surgical interventions decreased, while mortality remained unchanged (approx. 21-22%) between the two periods.

Conclusions:

  • There is a scarcity of IE studies in developing countries, highlighting a need for more research.
  • RHD and CHD are common predisposing conditions for IE in these regions.
  • Increased rates of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus infections, coupled with decreased surgery and stable mortality, necessitate improved diagnostic and management strategies for IE, RHD, and CHD.