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In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
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Introduction
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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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A significant aspect of hydroboration–oxidation is the regio- and stereochemical outcome of the reaction.
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Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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An Iridium-Stabilized Borenium Intermediate.

Mustapha Hamdaoui1, Fan Liu1, Yann Cornaton2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Zheijang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.

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|September 29, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered a new iridium boron cluster complex that activates hydroborane, forming a unique borenium ion. This finding reveals an unusual interaction and initiates a novel "cage-walking" mechanism on the boron cluster surface.

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Area of Science:

  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Boron Cluster Chemistry
  • Inorganic Chemistry

Background:

  • Polyhedral boron clusters are key to stabilizing reactive species.
  • Organometallic systems offer solutions for challenging chemical problems like E-H bond activation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore new organometallic systems based on polyhedral boron clusters.
  • To investigate the B-H activation of hydroborane by an iridium boron cluster complex.
  • To characterize the resulting novel boron cation (borenium) and its interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Facile and clean B-H activation reaction.
  • Characterization of new compounds using NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis.
  • Single crystal X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for key compounds.
  • Theoretical methods to elucidate reaction mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • A new iridium boron cluster complex was synthesized and reacted with hydroborane.
  • An unprecedented transition metal-stabilized boron cation (borenium) was formed.
  • An unusual intramolecular B···H interaction was observed, proposed as an arrested insertion.
  • Evidence for iridium "cage-walking" around the boron cluster, supported by H-D exchange.

Conclusions:

  • The study reports a novel borenium intermediate stabilized by an iridium boron cluster.
  • An intramolecular B···H interaction is identified as a key feature and initiation step for "cage-walking".
  • The findings advance the understanding of reactivity and mechanisms in boron cluster chemistry and organometallic catalysis.