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Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

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The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
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A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous...
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Concrete exhibits specific behaviors under different compressive loads. Understanding this is crucial for understanding its structural integrity. When concrete undergoes uniaxial compression, it tends to develop cracks that run parallel to the direction of the force. These parallel cracks stem from localized tensile stresses that occur perpendicular to the compression direction. Additionally, angled cracks may appear due to the formation of shear planes.
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The back muscles that lie deep into the thoracolumbar fascia are called intrinsic or true back muscles. These muscles are divided into four layers: superficial, intermediate, deep, and deepest layers.
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In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
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Overview of Flail Chest
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Updated: Aug 27, 2025

Minimally Invasive Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Using Sagittal Alignment Screws and A Trauma Reduction Device
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Vertebral Compression Fractures.

Christopher L McDonald1, Daniel Alsoof1, Alan H Daniels1

  • 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI.

Rhode Island Medical Journal (2013)
|September 29, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Osteoporosis commonly causes fragility fractures, including over a million annual vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) in the US. Early treatment of VCFs with anti-resorptive medication is crucial to prevent future fractures.

Keywords:
osteoporosissecondary fracturesvertebral compression fractures

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics and Endocrinology

Background:

  • Osteoporosis frequently leads to fragility fractures, especially of the hip and spine.
  • Vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) are a significant complication, with 1-1.5 million occurring annually in the US.
  • Many VCFs are asymptomatic, often discovered incidentally during imaging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnosis, management, and prevention of vertebral compression fractures (VCFs).
  • To highlight the importance of treating primary VCFs to reduce refracture risk.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnosis typically involves X-rays, with CT or MRI used for neurological concerns or suspected malignancy.
  • Initial management focuses on non-surgical approaches like medication, physical therapy, and bracing.
  • Surgical options include cement augmentation or fusion for refractory cases, deformity, or neurological deficits.

Main Results:

  • Subsequent VCFs are common, with advanced age, low bone mineral density, and low BMI as risk factors.
  • Treatment of primary VCFs with anti-resorptive medication is essential for preventing subsequent fractures.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of osteoporosis and primary VCFs is critical to mitigate the risk of recurrent fractures.
  • Timely intervention, including medication and potentially surgery, can improve outcomes for patients with VCFs.