Biotransformation of phenytoin in the electrochemically-driven CYP2C19 system

The possibility of the detection of atypical kinetic profiles of drug biotransformation using electrochemical systems based on immobilized cytochromes P450 with phenytoin hydroxylation by cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) as an example was evaluated for the first time. For this purpose, we developed an electrochemical system, where one of the electrodes was modified by didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) and was used as an electron donor for reduction of heme iron ion of the immobilized CYP2C19 and initiation of the catalytic reaction, while the second electrode was not modified and served for an electrochemical quantitation of 4-hydroxyphenytoin, which is a metabolite of antiepileptic drug phenytoin, by its oxidation peak. It was revealed that the dependence of the rate of 4-hydroxyphenytoin formation on phenytoin concentration is described by the equation for two enzymes or two binding sites indicating the existing of high- and low-affinity forms of the enzyme. The atypical kinetics and the kinetic parameters of CYP2C19-mediated phenytoin hydroxylation in the electrochemical system correlate to the same characteristics obtained by other authors in an alternative enzymatic system. Our results demonstrate the possibility of electrochemical systems based on cytochromes P450 to be applied for the detection of atypical kinetic profiles of drug metabolism.