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Updated: Aug 27, 2025
Evaluation of Left Ventricular Structure and Function using 3D Echocardiography
Published on: October 28, 2020
Taking Command of Three-Dimensional Stitching Artifacts: From an Annoyance to an Easy Tool for Navigating
Samuel D Maidman1, Daniel Bamira1, Richard Ro1
1Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York.
Abstract:
Despite many recent advances in three-dimensional (3D) transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) imagining, the process of orienting 3D TEE images is nonintuitive and uses assumptions based on idealized anatomy. Correlating two-dimensional TEE cross-sectional images to 3D reconstructions remains an additional challenge. In this article, we suggest the repurposing of the stitching artifact generated in 2-beat electrocardiogram-gated 3D TEE as a means of exactly orienting 3D images within a patient's unique anatomy. We demonstrate the application of this strategy to assess a normal mitral valve to localize scallops of mitral valve prolapse and to visualize typical left atrial appendage two-dimensional cuts in a 3D space. By taking command of stitching artifacts, cardiac imagers can successfully navigate the complex structures of the heart for optimal, individualized echocardiographic views.
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