Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 27, 2025

In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells
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In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells

Published on: September 23, 2021

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Extracellular vesicle-based checkpoint regulation and immune state in cancer

Keywan Mortezaee1, Jamal Majidpoor2

  • 1Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. keywan987@yahoo.com.

Medical Oncology (Northwood, London, England)
|September 29, 2022
PubMed

Insights

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying immune checkpoints like PD-L1 can suppress anti-tumor immunity. Evaluating exosomal PD-L1 may aid cancer diagnosis and guide personalized immunotherapy.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Tumor cells create an immunosuppressive environment to evade immune detection and promote metastasis.
  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are utilized by cancer cells to regulate anti-tumor immune responses.
  • Immune checkpoints, such as PD-L1 and CTLA-4, play a critical role in tumor immune evasion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of EVs in regulating immune checkpoints within the tumor microenvironment.
  • To explore the potential of EVs as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and response to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy.
  • To discuss the application of EVs in developing novel cancer immunotherapies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on extracellular vesicles, immune checkpoints (PD-L1, CTLA-4), and cancer immunotherapy.
  • Analysis of the mechanisms by which EVs mediate immune suppression.
  • Survey of current and potential clinical applications of EVs in oncology.

Main Results:

  • PD-L1 on EVs can inhibit CD8+ T cell function, contributing to immune evasion.
  • Circulating exosomal PD-L1 shows promise as a prognostic biomarker for cancer diagnosis and ICI therapy response.
  • CTLA-4 interaction with APCs, modulated by EVs, can impair T cell priming.

Conclusions:

  • EVs are key players in immune checkpoint regulation and tumor progression.
  • Exosomal PD-L1 evaluation offers potential for personalized cancer treatment strategies.
  • Engineered EVs hold significant promise for advancing cancer immunotherapy.
Keywords:
CD8+ T cellExosomeImmune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)MacrophageProgrammed death-1 receptor (PD-1)Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)Tumor microenvironment (TME)

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