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Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
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It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
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Superplasticizers are advanced admixtures that enhance the workability of concrete by lowering the water content without compromising the strength of the material. These substances are highly effective water reducers, improving concrete flow, making it easier to work with, and enabling concrete to reach inaccessible areas or densely reinforced sections without mechanical vibration. The key components in superplasticizers are either sulfonated melamine or naphthalene formaldehyde condensates,...
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When a structural member undergoes plastic deformation due to bending, it is crucial to understand the position of the neutral axis and the stress distribution. This member, characterized by a single plane of symmetry, exhibits a uniform stress distribution, with negative stress above the neutral axis and positive stress below. Notably, the neutral axis does not align with the centroid of the cross-section. This misalignment is typical in cases where the cross-section is not rectangular or...
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Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis
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Another one bites the plastics.

Luca Gallitelli1, Agnese Zauli2, Massimiliano Scalici1

  • 1University Roma Tre Rome Italy.

Ecology and Evolution
|September 30, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Saproxylic beetle larvae fragment expanded polystyrene (EPS) macroplastics into microplastics. These microplastics are ingested, egested, and attached to larvae, potentially spreading pollution through habitats and food webs.

Keywords:
cetonidplastic fragmentationrotten woodsaproxylic insectsoil microplasticterrestrial macroplastic

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Environmental Science
  • Entomology

Background:

  • Old-growth forests harbor diverse invertebrates, including saproxylic insects vital for nutrient cycling.
  • Plastic pollution is a pervasive threat, with terrestrial impacts largely unexplored.
  • Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is a common plastic pollutant with low degradation rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of saproxylic cetonid beetle larvae to degrade expanded polystyrene (EPS).
  • To quantify the fragmentation of macroplastics into microplastics by these larvae.
  • To assess the ingestion, egestion, and external attachment of microplastics to larvae.

Main Methods:

  • Field-collected saproxylic cetonid larvae were placed in an EPS box.
  • Larvae were observed to fragment the EPS material.
  • Post-experiment, larvae and their substrate were analyzed for ingested, egested, and attached microplastics.

Main Results:

  • Larvae fragmented the EPS box, producing 3441 microplastic particles.
  • Microplastics were found in the larvae's egested substrate.
  • An average of 30.7 microplastic particles were observed attached to larval setae.

Conclusions:

  • Saproxylic cetonid larvae can fragment macroplastics into microplastics.
  • Attached and ingested microplastics may be transported and transferred through food webs.
  • Plastic pollution poses a risk to vulnerable species, ecosystem services, and potentially human health.