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Compartment Models: Single-Compartment Model01:14

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The single-compartment model serves as a simplified representation of the human body. This model assumes that the body functions as a single, well-mixed open compartment. When a drug is administered intravenously, it enters the body and quickly distributes uniformly. The drug then undergoes biotransformation and elimination, ultimately leaving the body. The volume of this compartment is referred to as the apparent volume of distribution into which the drug can uniformly distribute. In this...
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The three-compartment open model is a pharmacokinetic model used to describe the distribution and elimination of drugs following extravascular administration. It comprises a central compartment representing the plasma and two peripheral compartments. The highly perfused peripheral compartment represents organs and tissues with a rich blood supply, such as the liver, kidneys, and lungs. The scarcely perfused peripheral compartment represents tissues with lower blood supply, such as adipose...
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Compartment Models: Two-Compartment Model01:20

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The two-compartment model divides the body into central and peripheral compartments to account for varying blood perfusion rates among organs and tissues, affecting drug distribution. The central compartment includes blood and highly perfused tissues with rapid drug distribution, while the peripheral compartment contains tissues with slower drug distribution. After a single IV bolus dose, the drug concentration is high in plasma and low in tissues. The drug distribution between compartments...
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Mechanistic models, a category encompassing both physiological and compartmental modeling, differ from empirical models' approaches to incorporating known factors about the systems being modeled. Empirical models describe data with minimal assumptions, while mechanistic models aim to provide a robust description of available data by specifying assumptions and integrating known factors about the system. Compartmental analysis is a key example of a mechanistic model in pharmacokinetics and...
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Two-Compartment Open Model: Overview01:05

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Multicompartmental models are crucial tools in pharmacokinetics, providing a framework to understand how drugs move within the body. The two-compartment model is a crucial subtype, segmenting the body into central and peripheral compartments. The central compartment represents areas with high blood flow, such as plasma and highly perfused organs like the kidneys and liver, while the peripheral compartment signifies tissues with lower blood flow, like adipose tissue and muscle tissue.
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Data-based dynamic compartment model: Modeling of E. coli fed-batch fermentation in a 600 m3 bubble column.

Jonas Bisgaard1, James A Zahn2, Tannaz Tajsoleiman1

  • 1Freesense ApS, 2100  Copenhagen, Denmark.

Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology
|September 30, 2022
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Summary

Mathematical modeling of bioreactor heterogeneity using a dynamic compartment model revealed that improving mixing alone did not enhance fermentation. Optimizing the dextrose feeding profile, however, led to process improvements.

Keywords:
Bubble column bioreactorCompartment modelFermentation processFlow-following sensor devicesGradientsLarge-scaleMixing

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemical Engineering
  • Process Systems Engineering
  • Mathematical Modeling

Background:

  • Bioreactor heterogeneity negatively impacts industrial fermentation processes.
  • Accurate modeling requires flow dynamics to represent mass transfer between bioreactor zones.
  • Previous compartment models did not account for dynamic volume and flow rate changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and apply a dynamic compartment model for simulating fed-batch processes.
  • To evaluate mixing performance and substrate gradients in a large-scale bioreactor.
  • To identify strategies for improving bioreactor process efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a dynamic compartment model incorporating flow-following sensor data.
  • Applied the model to an industrial fermentation in a 600 m3 bubble column bioreactor.
  • Utilized tracer simulations for mixing evaluation and coupled with reaction kinetics for gradient analysis.

Main Results:

  • Simulations indicated long mixing times and significant early substrate gradients.
  • Attempts to improve bioreactor heterogeneity did not yield overall process enhancements.
  • Modifying the dextrose feeding profile resulted in process improvements.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic compartment modeling is effective for simulating complex bioreactor systems.
  • Reducing bioreactor heterogeneity is not sufficient for process improvement.
  • Optimizing feeding strategies is crucial for enhancing fed-batch fermentation performance.