Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 27, 2025
Effects of Surgical Masks on Cardiopulmonary Function in Healthy Subjects
Published on: February 12, 2021
The Effects of Wearing a 3-Ply or KN95 Face Mask on Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxygenation
Aisling Fothergill1,2,3, Christoph Birkl1,4, Christian Kames1,2
1UBC MRI Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Background:
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has impacted life in many ways, one change being the use of face masks. Their effect on MRI-based measurements of cerebral oxygen levels with quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) is not known.
Purpose:
This study investigated whether wearing a face mask leads to changes in CBF and cerebral venous oxygen saturation measured with MRI.
Study Type:
Repeated-measures cohort study.
Population:
A total of 16 healthy volunteers (eight male, eight female; 22-36 years) were recruited for the 3-ply study. Ten of the 16 participants (five male, five female; 23-36 years) took part in the KN95 study.
Field Strength/Sequence:
A 3 T, single-delay 3D gradient-and spin-echo pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) scan for CBF quantification, and gradient-echo for QSM and oxygenation quantification.
Assessment:
Gray matter CBF and magnetic susceptibility were assessed by masking the pCASL CBF map and the QSM map to the T1 -weighted gray matter tissue segmentation. Venous oxygenation was determined from venous segmentation of QSM maximum intensity projections.
Statistical Tests:
Paired Student's t-tests and Cohen's d effect sizes were used to compare the face mask and no face mask scans for gray matter CBF, gray matter magnetic susceptibility, and cerebral venous oxygen saturation. Standard t-tests were used to assess whether the order of scanning with and without a mask had any impact. A statistical cut off of P < 0.05 was used.
Results:
The 3-ply masks increased gray matter CBF from an average of 43.99 mL/(100 g*min) to 46.81 mL/(100 g*min). There were no significant changes in gray matter magnetic susceptibility (P = 0.07), or cerebral venous oxygen saturation (P = 0.36) for the 3-ply data set. The KN95 masks data set showed no statistically significant changes in gray matter CBF (P = 0.52) and magnetic susceptibility (P = 0.97), or cerebral venous oxygen saturation (P = 0.93).
Data Conclusion:
The changes in blood flow and oxygenation due to face masks are small. Only CBF increased significantly due to wearing a 3-ply mask.
Evidence Level:
2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 3.
Related Concept Videos
01:26Oxygen Delivering System I: Nasal Cannula and Face Mask
Nasal Cannula
A nasal cannula is a lightweight tube split at one end into two prongs and placed in the nostrils. It is typically used to deliver low to medium levels of oxygen.
Suggested flow rate: The suggested flow rate for a nasal cannula typically ranges between 1 and 6 L/min.
Oxygen percentage setting:...
01:30Administering Oxygen by Mask
Administering oxygen by mask is a common nursing intervention that provides supplemental oxygen to patients with respiratory distress or chronic lung conditions. This procedure involves delivering oxygen at a specified rate through a face mask connected to an oxygen source.
Equipment
The equipment necessary for this procedure includes: