Immune-Enhancing Effect of Heat-Treated Levilactobacillus brevis KU15159 in RAW 264.7 Cells

Probiotics are alive microbes that present beneficial to the human's health. They influence immune responses through stimulating antibody production, activating T cells, and altering cytokine expression. The probiotic characteristics of Levilactobacillus brevis KU15159 were evaluated on the tolerance and adherence to gastrointestinal conditions. L. brevis KU15159 was safe in a view of producing various useful enzymes and antibiotic sensitivity. Heat-treated L. brevis KU15159 increased production of nitric oxide (NO) and phagocytic activity in RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, heat-treated L. brevis KU15159 upregulated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6, at protein as well as mRNA levels. In addition, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which regulates the immune system, was activated by heat-treated L. brevis KU15159. Therefore, L. brevis KU15159 exhibited an immune-enhancing effect by the MAPK pathway in macrophage.