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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

1.8K
Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
1.8K
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

31
Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
31
Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

27
Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
27
Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

44
Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
44
Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations01:26

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

38
Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...
38
Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

37
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
37

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 27, 2025

A Surgical Model of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Tibetan Minipigs
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Defining the Phenotypes for Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.

Dane Rucker1, Jacob Joseph2,3

  • 1Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.

Current Heart Failure Reports
|September 30, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is heterogeneous. Machine learning identified three phenotypes: young/obese, obese/cardiometabolic, and old/multimorbid, guiding targeted therapies for this complex condition.

Keywords:
BiomarkersHeart failure with preserved ejection fractionImagingMachine learningPhenotypesPrecision medicine

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Medical Research
  • Health Sciences

Background:

  • Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) presents a significant healthcare challenge.
  • The heterogeneity of HFpEF contributes to the lack of effective therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define HFpEF phenotypes based on comorbidities and etiologies.
  • To discuss novel methods for HFpEF phenotyping.
  • To explore potential therapeutic targets for distinct HFpEF phenotypes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature synthesis of studies using machine learning for HFpEF sub-phenotyping.
  • Analysis of clinical features, echocardiographic findings, and biomarker levels.
  • Phenotype identification based on unbiased, data-driven approaches.

Main Results:

  • Three broad HFpEF phenotypes were proposed: 1) Young, obese, few comorbidities, low natriuretic peptides. 2) Obese, significant cardiometabolic burden, impaired relaxation. 3) Old, multimorbid, with high prevalence of atrial fibrillation, renal disease, CAD, COPD, and LVH.
  • These phenotypes offer a framework for understanding HFpEF heterogeneity.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding HFpEF heterogeneity through phenotyping is crucial for developing targeted therapies.
  • Proposed phenotypes provide a basis for personalized treatment strategies in HFpEF.
  • Further research into phenotype-specific therapeutic targets is warranted.