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Enhanced Detection of Reticular Pseudodrusen on Color Fundus Photos by Image Embossing
Shin Kadomoto1,2, Onisa Nanegrungsunk1,2, Muneeswar Gupta Nittala1,2
1Doheny Image Reading Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Purpose:
To evaluate whether processing a color fundus photo (CFP) using an image embossing technique can improve the detection of reticular pseudodrusen (RPD).
Methods:
This post-hoc analysis included the eyes of subjects enrolled in the Amish Eye Study with early or intermediate age-related macular degeneration and evidence of RPD. All patients underwent CFP, near-infrared reflectance (NIR), and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging. The ground-truth presence of RPD was established with a combination of NIR and FAF imaging. An embossing processed (EP) image was created by replacing each pixel of the CFP image with a highlight or a shadow representing light and dark boundaries in the original CFP image. The presence of RPD in CFP and EP images was assessed by two graders in a masked fashion and the sensitivity of CFP and EP for detection of RPD was evaluated. Cohen's kappa (k) was used to test inter-grader agreement for CFP and EP.
Results:
A total of 106 eyes from 62 patients with RPDs were analyzed. The sensitivity for detection of RPD on CFP and EP was 63.2% (95%CI: 52.0%-74.4%) and 91.5% (95%CI: 85.0%-98.0%), respectively. The inter-rater reliabilities of CFP and EP for RPD detection were 0.81 and 0.84, respectively.
Conclusions:
Embossing of CFP can improve the sensitivity for detection of RPD. The embossing technique can be a useful tool for better assessment of the true frequency of RPD in datasets where only CFP images are available.
