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Air pollution exposure induces a decrease in type II interferon response: A paired cohort study.

Jonathan Allouche1, Marion Cremoni2, Vesna Brglez2

  • 1Department of Public Health, University Hospital of Nice, University Côte, France; Clinical Research Unit of the Côte d'Azur (UR2CA), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.

Ebiomedicine
|October 2, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Air pollution, including nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter, weakens the immune system's antiviral response, specifically interferon-gamma (IFNγ) production. This study highlights the impact of pollutants on cellular immunity.

Keywords:
Air pollutionImmune responseInterferon gammaLockdownNitrogen dioxide

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Immunology
  • Respiratory Medicine

Background:

  • Air pollution poses significant risks to human health, yet its precise impact on immune system function and susceptibility to viral infections remains under-researched.
  • The COVID-19 pandemic-induced lockdown provided a unique, real-world opportunity to assess the effects of fluctuating air pollutant levels on immune responses.
  • A hypothesis was formed that variations in air pollutants influence the Th1 immune response, as indicated by interferon-gamma (IFNγ) production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between variations in key air pollutants and the immune system's cellular response.
  • To determine if changes in air quality during the COVID-19 lockdown affected interferon-gamma (IFNγ) production, a marker of Th1 immune response.
  • To quantify the impact of specific pollutants (NO2, O3, PM2.5, PM10) and climate variables on immune cell function.

Main Methods:

  • A paired pilot cohort study (58 participants) and a confirmation cohort study (320 participants) were conducted in Nice, France, with data collected at six-month intervals.
  • Immune cell production of IFNγ was stimulated non-specifically and correlated with measured variations in regulated pollutants (NO2, O3, PM2.5, PM10) and climate data.
  • Linear regression models were employed to analyze the effects of pollutant variations on immune response, with adjustments for climate and intrinsic factors.

Main Results:

  • In the pilot cohort, IFNγ production decreased by 25.7% post-lockdown, coinciding with a 46.0% increase in NO2. Adjusted analysis revealed a significant effect of NO2 variation on IFNγ production (P=0.03).
  • The confirmation cohort showed a 47.8% decrease in IFNγ. Adjusted analyses indicated significant impacts of NO2, PM10, O3, and climatic conditions (sunshine, humidity) on IFNγ variation (P<0.001 to P=0.005).
  • The influence of environmental factors on IFNγ variation was significant but not independent of Body Mass Index (BMI) and workplace factors (P=0.007 and P<0.001, respectively).

Conclusions:

  • The study demonstrates a significant weakening of the cellular antiviral response.
  • This immune system weakening was found to be correlated with increased exposure to air pollutants.
  • Findings underscore the detrimental effect of air pollution on immune defense mechanisms against viral infections.