Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 13, 2026

Optimized Management of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke
Published on: January 18, 2018
Ischemia with No Obstructive Arteries (INOCA): A Review of the Prevalence, Diagnosis and Management
Breanna Hansen1, Jessica N Holtzman2, Caroline Juszczynski3
1Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA.
Abstract:
Ischemia with no obstructive arteries (INOCA) is defined as patients with angiographic evidence of ischemia but no obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) at coronary angiography. INOCA is estimated to be prevalent is 3-4 million individuals with a female predominance. INOCA is composed of different endotypes including: microvascular dysfunction, vasospasm and a combination of the 2. Diagnosis of INOCA requires either non-invasive or invasive techniques aimed at assessing coronary flow reserve (CFR), Index of Microcirculatory Resistance (IMR) and spasm secondary to acetylcholine injection. Although INOCA is associated with an increased risk of MACE and a decrease in quality of life, less than half of patients are appropriately treated. Treatment of INOCA remains elusive with current therapeutics tailored towards the specific endotype and ongoing clinical trials looking to assess the efficacy of traditional CAD medications.
More Related Videos
10:28Interventional Diagnostic Procedure: A Practical Guide for the Assessment of Coronary Vascular Function
Published on: March 15, 2022
08:35Oxygenation-sensitive Cardiac MRI with Vasoactive Breathing Maneuvers for the Non-invasive Assessment of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction
Published on: August 17, 2022
Related Concept Videos
Ischemic Heart Disease: Overview
Atherosclerosis, the primary malefactor, orchestrates this dangerous condition. It manifests as the accumulation of fatty deposits, akin to insidious plaques, within arterial walls. As time elapses, these plaques metamorphose, hardening and narrowing...
Angina IV: Management
Atherosclerosis III: Management
Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation
Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction
Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology