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Related Concept Videos

X-Inactivation01:58

X-Inactivation

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The human X chromosome contains over ten times the number of genes as in the Y chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, and females have two, one might expect females to produce twice as many of the proteins, with undesirable results.
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Nondisjunction01:29

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During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
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X and Y Chromosomes02:32

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Among mammals, the gender of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Every human diploid cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. A human female has two X chromosomes, while a male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
The germline cells such as egg and sperm cells carry only half the number of chromosomes, i.e., 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. All eggs have an X chromosome, while sperm cells can carry an X or...
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The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

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In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
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Dosage Compensation02:50

Dosage Compensation

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In animals, gender is determined by the number and type of sex chromosome. For example, human females have two X chromosomes, and males have one X and one Y chromosome, whereas C.elegans with one X chromosome is a male, and the one with two X chromosomes is a hermaphrodite.
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Meiosis II02:02

Meiosis II

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Meiosis II entails cell division and segregation of the sister chromatids, resulting in the production of four unique haploid gametes. The steps for meiosis II are similar to mitosis, except that meiosis II occurs in haploid cells, whereas mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
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Updated: Aug 27, 2025

Murine Orchiectomy and Ovariectomy to Reduce Sex Hormone Production
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Polyorchidism in a cat.

Bryan R Lohr1, Danielle E Lieske2, Nicola M Parry3

  • 1Middle Road Animal Clinic, Glenshaw, PA, USA.

Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation : Official Publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc
|October 3, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polyorchidism, a rare condition of having more than two testes, was diagnosed in a male cat. This case highlights the importance of recognizing penile spines in cryptorchid cats.

Keywords:
catscryptorchidismpolyorchidismretained testes

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Reproductive Biology
  • Congenital Anomalies

Background:

  • Cryptorchidism is a condition where one or both testes fail to descend.
  • Penile spines are a sexually dimorphic trait in felids, typically associated with intact males.
  • Polyorchidism, the presence of supernumerary testes, is a rare congenital anomaly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a rare case of polyorchidism in a domestic shorthair cat.
  • To emphasize the diagnostic significance of penile spines in cryptorchid cats.
  • To contribute to the veterinary literature on congenital reproductive anomalies.

Main Methods:

  • Physical examination including assessment for penile spines.
  • Surgical exploration via midline laparotomy.
  • Histopathological examination of excised masses.

Main Results:

  • A 9-month-old male cat presented with mounting behavior and bilateral cryptorchidism.
  • Four testicular masses and associated epididymal tissue were identified and surgically removed.
  • Histopathology confirmed the presence of four testes, diagnosing polyorchidism.
  • Mounting behavior resolved four weeks post-surgery.

Conclusions:

  • Polyorchidism should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cryptorchid cats, particularly those with penile spines.
  • The presence of penile spines can be a valuable clinical sign in diagnosing reproductive anomalies in cats.
  • This case adds to the limited reports of polyorchidism in felines, specifically documenting a case with four intraabdominal testes.