Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

2.8K
Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic...
2.8K
Elimination Reactions02:25

Elimination Reactions

13.9K
A nucleophile can react with an alkyl halide to give the substitution product by displacing the halogen. Or it can function as a base to give the elimination product by deprotonation of the neighboring carbon to form an alkene. In an elimination reaction, the substrate loses two groups from adjacent carbons forming at least one π bond. The carbon attached to the halogen is called the α carbon, while the adjacent carbon is called the β carbon; hence, these reactions are called...
13.9K
Base-Promoted α-Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones00:51

Base-Promoted α-Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones

3.6K
α-Halogenation of aldehydes and ketones is a reaction involving the substitution of α hydrogens with halogens in the presence of a base.  The reaction begins with the abstraction of  α hydrogen by the base to produce a nucleophilic enolate ion. This intermediate undergoes a subsequent nucleophilic substitution with the halogen to produce a monohalogenated carbonyl compound. If the starting substrate has more than one α hydrogen, it is difficult to stop the reaction...
3.6K
Acid Halides to Esters: Alcoholysis01:12

Acid Halides to Esters: Alcoholysis

3.0K
Alcoholysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which an alcohol functions as a nucleophile. Acid halides react with alcohol to produce esters. The mechanism proceeds in three steps:
3.0K
α-Halogenation of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview01:14

α-Halogenation of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview

3.5K
Unlike aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acids do not readily participate in α halogenation reactions via enols or enolate intermediates. However, α-halogenated acids are obtained through other methods. One of the approaches is the Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky (HVZ) reaction, wherein the carboxylic acid is treated with halogen in the presence of PBr3. It involves the conversion of acid to acid halide, which exists in equilibrium with its enol form. The enol attacks the...
3.5K
α-Bromination of Carboxylic Acids: Hell–Volhard–Zelinski Reaction01:15

α-Bromination of Carboxylic Acids: Hell–Volhard–Zelinski Reaction

3.1K
The method to achieve α-brominated carboxylic acids using a mixture of phosphorus tribromide and bromine is known as the Hell–Volhard–Zelinski reaction. The reaction is catalyzed by phosphorus tribromide, which can be used directly or produced in situ from red phosphorus and bromine. The mechanism comprises PBr3 catalyzed conversion of acid to acid bromide and hydrogen bromide. The acid bromide enolizes to its enol form in the presence of HBr. The nucleophilic enol attacks the...
3.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A review of the cast stone formulation for nuclear waste immobilization.

Waste management (New York, N.Y.)·2025
Same author

Phosphate-Based Approaches for Dechlorination and Treatment of Salt Waste from Electrochemical Processing of Used Nuclear Fuel: A Perspective on Recent Work.

ACS omega·2025
Same author

Glass-Bonded Monazite Waste Forms for Lanthanide and Actinide Immobilization: From Theoretical Design to Scale-Up Production and Characterization.

ACS omega·2025
Same author

Review of iodine behavior from nuclear fuel dissolution to environmental release.

RSC advances·2024
Same author

Metal-Encapsulated, Polymer-Containing Halide Salt Composites as Potential Long-Term Hosts for Radioiodine: Evaluating Halmets, Polyhalmets, and Halcermets.

ACS omega·2024
Same author

Synthesis and properties of anhydrous rare-earth phosphates, monazite and xenotime: a review.

RSC advances·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 27, 2025

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of PhosphorusI
08:46

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of PhosphorusI

Published on: November 22, 2016

7.9K

Dehalogenation reactions between halide salts and phosphate compounds.

Brian J Riley1, Saehwa Chong1

  • 1Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States.

Frontiers in Chemistry
|October 3, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Phosphate additives dehalogenate nuclear waste salts, creating safer, more efficient disposal pathways. This process can recycle valuable salt components while carefully managing potentially explosive byproducts.

Keywords:
ammonium halidesammonium triiodidedehalogenationelectrochemical reprocessinghydrogen halidesmolten salt reactorsnitrogen trihalides

More Related Videos

Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization
15:22

Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization

Published on: April 3, 2014

17.2K
Synthesis of High Purity Nonsymmetric Dialkylphosphinic Acid Extractants
12:06

Synthesis of High Purity Nonsymmetric Dialkylphosphinic Acid Extractants

Published on: October 19, 2017

7.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 27, 2025

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of PhosphorusI
08:46

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of PhosphorusI

Published on: November 22, 2016

7.9K
Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization
15:22

Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization

Published on: April 3, 2014

17.2K
Synthesis of High Purity Nonsymmetric Dialkylphosphinic Acid Extractants
12:06

Synthesis of High Purity Nonsymmetric Dialkylphosphinic Acid Extractants

Published on: October 19, 2017

7.6K

Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Waste Management
  • Chemical Reprocessing
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Salt-based waste streams from nuclear fuel reprocessing and molten salt reactors contain halides.
  • Current disposal methods for these halide salts are often inefficient and costly.
  • Dehalogenation is crucial for improving waste form properties and enabling repository storage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the use of phosphoric acid or ammonium hydrogen phosphates for dehalogenating halide waste streams.
  • To evaluate the efficiency of disposal pathways resulting from dehalogenation.
  • To identify and manage potentially hazardous byproducts of the dehalogenation reactions.

Main Methods:

  • Reactions involving phosphoric acid (H3PO4) or ammonium hydrogen phosphates with halide salts.
  • Analysis of reaction products, including hydrogen halides, ammonium halides, and potentially explosive trihalides.
  • Assessment of waste form characteristics, such as iron oxidation state and chemical durability.

Main Results:

  • Dehalogenation using phosphates yields products with improved waste loadings and simplified immobilization.
  • Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) addition results in higher Fe3+:Fe2+ ratios and enhanced chemical durability of iron phosphate waste forms.
  • Potential for recycling of certain salt components (e.g., 37Cl as HCl or NH4Cl) is identified.

Conclusions:

  • Phosphate-mediated dehalogenation offers a viable strategy for treating nuclear halide waste streams.
  • Careful control and neutralization of hazardous byproducts like trihalides (NCl3, NI3) are essential.
  • The use of H3PO4 presents benefits for waste form stability but requires management of corrosive hydrogen halide byproducts.