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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview01:21

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When it comes to infants and young children, they are typically administered smaller doses of medication in comparison to adults. This is primarily because their organ functions still need to fully develop, meaning their bodies are not as efficient at metabolizing or eliminating drugs. Additionally, their blood-brain barrier is more permeable than in adults. As a result, high concentrations of drugs can easily penetrate the central nervous system (CNS), potentially leading to neurological...
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Prescription, Nonprescription and Orphan Drugs01:02

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Prescription drugs require a prescription from a medical practitioner and can only be obtained from a pharmacy. They have many applications, including treating pain, anxiety, and hypertension.
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Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral01:25

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The administration of drugs via parenteral routes allows for direct drug introduction into the systemic circulation, resulting in high bioavailability because the medication bypasses the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and hepatic metabolism.
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A drug dosage regimen describes the specific instructions and schedule for administering a drug to a patient. It considers factors such as drug dosage, frequency, route of administration, and duration of treatment. Designing an appropriate dosage regimen for a patient aims to achieve a target drug concentration at the site of action.
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Routes of Drug Administration: Overview01:22

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Drug administration involves delivering drugs to the body through various routes, such as enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral administration refers to drugs absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. They can be swallowed (perorally), placed under the tongue (sublingually), or on the inner lining of the cheeks (buccally). Perorally administered drugs take time to be absorbed and have a slower onset of action. The rectal route is another form of enteral administration, which allows for...
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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Updated: Aug 26, 2025

A Novel Approach for the Administration of Medications and Fluids in Emergency Scenarios and Settings
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Missing data on accessibility of children's medicines.

Iris R Joosse1, Aukje K Mantel-Teeuwisse1, Veronika J Wirtz2

  • 1Utrecht World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Pharmaceutical Policy and Regulation, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, Netherlands.

Bulletin of the World Health Organization
|October 3, 2022
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Summary

Access to child-appropriate medicines is poorly monitored due to data gaps. Improved surveys and indicators are crucial for ensuring children receive necessary medications by 2030.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Pharmacology
  • Global Health
  • Health Services Research

Background:

  • Child-appropriate medicines are vital for pediatric treatment, but data on their availability and pricing is insufficient.
  • Existing monitoring tools often fail to capture essential data specific to children's medication needs.
  • A significant data deficit exists for age-appropriate medicines in both surveys and scientific literature.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the current state of data collection for child-appropriate medicines.
  • To identify deficiencies in monitoring access to pediatric medications.
  • To propose priorities for improving the surveillance of children's medicine access.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of data from 50 surveys focusing on medicine availability and pricing.
  • Review of scientific literature for data on age-appropriate medicines.
  • Evaluation of existing data collection instruments for their suitability for pediatric medicine monitoring.

Main Results:

  • Child-appropriate medicines for 9 out of 12 priority pediatric diseases were rarely or never surveyed.
  • A substantial data gap hinders the adequate monitoring of access to essential medicines for children.
  • Current instruments are inadequate for collecting necessary data on pediatric medicine availability and pricing.

Conclusions:

  • Dedicated child medicine surveys and standardized instruments are essential for accurate monitoring.
  • Health facility readiness tools must include pricing data for child-appropriate medicines.
  • Modifying Sustainable Development Goal indicator 3.b.3 is necessary to track children's medicine access effectively.
  • Addressing these data deficiencies is critical for achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals for child health.