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Related Concept Videos

Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents01:16

Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents

926
Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...
926
Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid01:20

Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid

5.4K
The titration curve of a weak base like ammonia with a strong acid like hydrochloric acid is the mirror image of the titration curve of a weak acid with a strong base.
Using the ICE table and substituting the Kb value, we calculate the initial pH of 50 mL of 0.1 M ammonia to be 11.11. Addition of 25 mL of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid to this solution of ammonia results in a buffer with an equal concentration of ammonia and ammonium ions. The pH of this buffer can be calculated by substituting these...
5.4K
Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

3.6K
Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
3.6K
Common Ion Effect03:24

Common Ion Effect

42.1K
Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
42.1K
Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

27.9K
A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
27.9K
Basicity of Aliphatic Amines01:21

Basicity of Aliphatic Amines

6.1K
Amines can behave as Brønsted–Lowry bases by accepting a proton from the acid to form corresponding conjugate acids. Due to a lone pair of nonbonding electrons, aliphatic amines can also act as Lewis bases by forming a covalent bond with an electrophile.
To measure the basicity of amines, two conventions are generally used. The first defines Kb as the basicity constant for the deprotonation reaction of water by the amine, as presented in Figure 1. Conventionally, lower Kb indicates...
6.1K

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Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery
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Recent Progress in Aqueous Ammonium-Ion Batteries.

Ying Wang1, Shelton F Kuchena1

  • 1Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States.

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Ammonium-ion batteries (AIBs) offer a safer, cheaper alternative to lithium-ion batteries. This review surveys recent advancements in AIB materials, mechanisms, and applications for practical energy storage.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Aqueous electrolytes offer safer, more durable, and cost-effective battery alternatives to organic solvent-based lithium-ion batteries.
  • Ammonium-ion batteries (AIBs) are particularly promising due to their use of light, safe, inexpensive, and abundant materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive survey of recent progress in ammonium-ion battery (AIB) research.
  • To highlight advancements in cathode materials, anode materials, electrolytes, and device applications for AIBs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on AIBs, including theoretical studies and experimental spectrum analyses.
  • Analysis of ionic transport kinetics, electrolyte structure, ammonium ion solvation, and intercalation mechanisms.
  • Exploration of diverse applications beyond traditional aqueous AIBs.

Main Results:

  • Summarized the latest developments in AIB electrodes and electrolytes.
  • Highlighted fundamental mechanistic studies and state-of-the-art applications of ammonium-ion storage.
  • Discussed theoretical and experimental investigations into key AIB properties.

Conclusions:

  • AIBs present a viable path towards safer and more economical energy storage solutions.
  • Identified remaining challenges and proposed future research directions to enhance AIB performance for practical applications.
  • Emphasized the potential of AIBs in various configurations, including flexible and wide-temperature-range devices, supercapacitors, and hybrid systems.