Refractive Index of Hemoglobin Analysis: A Comparison of Alternating Conditional Expectations and Computational
Aida Alizamir1, Amin Gholami2, Nader Bahrami3
1Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Science, Hamadan 6517838738, Iran.
ACS Omega
|October 3, 2022
Summary
This study developed smart methods to estimate hemoglobin's refractive index (RI), a key indicator of health. The alternating conditional expectations (ACE) approach proved most effective, outperforming optimized neural networks, fuzzy inference systems, and support vector regression.
Area of Science:
- Biomedical Optics
- Computational Biology
- Biophysics
Background:
- Hemoglobin's optical properties are crucial for blood analysis.
- Refractive index (RI) of hemoglobin is a non-invasive indicator of various illnesses.
- Laboratory measurement of hemoglobin RI is costly and time-consuming.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop and compare quantitative methods for estimating hemoglobin's refractive index (RI).
- To establish correlations between hemoglobin RI and influencing parameters like concentration, wavelength, and temperature.
- To assess the efficacy of statistical and intelligent modeling techniques for RI prediction.
Main Methods:
- Employed alternating conditional expectations (ACE), a statistical approach, for RI prediction.
- Utilized optimized neural network (ONN), optimized fuzzy inference system (OFIS), and optimized support vector regression (OSVR) for RI modeling.
- Integrated a bat-inspired (BA) algorithm to optimize parameters within intelligent models.
Main Results:
- All tested models (ACE, ONN, OFIS, OSVR) demonstrated promising results in estimating hemoglobin RI.
- The ACE approach showed superior performance compared to the optimized intelligent models.
- Sensitivity analysis revealed concentration and wavelength as the primary factors influencing hemoglobin RI, followed by temperature.
Conclusions:
- Statistical and intelligent modeling offer efficient alternatives to traditional laboratory methods for determining hemoglobin RI.
- The ACE method provides a highly accurate and reliable approach for estimating hemoglobin's refractive index.
- Understanding the influence of concentration, wavelength, and temperature on hemoglobin RI is vital for accurate non-invasive diagnostics.
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