Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

17.8K
LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
17.8K
Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

11.7K
As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
11.7K
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

46.5K
Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
46.5K
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

12.6K
Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
12.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Anisotropic Swelling of a Single-Crystalline Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework Induced by Iodine Vapor Uptake.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same author

Quantifying how multiple transmission routes contribute to the spread of HTLV-1 in different endemic foci: a mathematical modelling study.

The Lancet. Infectious diseases·2026
Same author

Lattice-Relaxation-Enabled Design of Ru-Ir Oxides for Acidic Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Insights from Pair Distribution Function and Operando Multiedge XAS Analyses.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026
Same author

Quantitative Synchrotron XRD and Cryogenic EXAFS Reveal the Structural Role of Antimony Ions in Lead-Acid Batteries.

ACS omega·2026
Same author

A viral clonality evenness score to predict progression to adult T-cell leukaemia in asymptomatic carriers of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 in Japan: a retrospective longitudinal cohort study.

The Lancet. Microbe·2025
Same author

Chromatin remodeling enhances MAP3K8 expression in HAM: a key pathogenesis for therapeutic intervention.

Nature communications·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 26, 2025

Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant
08:52

Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

Published on: May 27, 2011

17.3K

Tuning Rex rules HTLV-1 pathogenesis.

Kazumi Nakano1, Toshiki Watanabe2

  • 1Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.

Frontiers in Immunology
|October 3, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) uses its Rex protein to control viral replication and establish long-term latency. This regulatory mechanism differs from HIV-1, influencing disease progression in infected individuals.

Keywords:
AIDSATLHIV-1 RevHTLV-1 HbzHTLV-1 RexHTLV-1 Taxlatent infectionviral replication

More Related Videos

Retroviral Scanning: Mapping MLV Integration Sites to Define Cell-specific Regulatory Regions
10:10

Retroviral Scanning: Mapping MLV Integration Sites to Define Cell-specific Regulatory Regions

Published on: May 28, 2017

8.5K
In Vivo Functional Study of Disease-associated Rare Human Variants Using Drosophila
06:41

In Vivo Functional Study of Disease-associated Rare Human Variants Using Drosophila

Published on: August 20, 2019

13.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 26, 2025

Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant
08:52

Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

Published on: May 27, 2011

17.3K
Retroviral Scanning: Mapping MLV Integration Sites to Define Cell-specific Regulatory Regions
10:10

Retroviral Scanning: Mapping MLV Integration Sites to Define Cell-specific Regulatory Regions

Published on: May 28, 2017

8.5K
In Vivo Functional Study of Disease-associated Rare Human Variants Using Drosophila
06:41

In Vivo Functional Study of Disease-associated Rare Human Variants Using Drosophila

Published on: August 20, 2019

13.8K

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an oncovirus responsible for adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and inflammatory conditions like HAM/TSP and HU in a small percentage of infected individuals.
  • The majority of HTLV-1-infected individuals remain asymptomatic carriers, with infected T cells maintaining a latent, disease-free state throughout their lives.
  • HTLV-1 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1), both retroviruses infecting CD4+ T cells, exhibit distinct T-cell phenotypes, particularly in virion production levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of viral proteins, specifically HTLV-1 Rex, in orchestrating viral replication and latency.
  • To compare the regulatory mechanisms of HTLV-1 Rex and its HIV-1 counterpart, Rev, in controlling viral particle production.
  • To explore the hypothesis that a viral regulatory valve for Rex activity evolved to enable early viral production followed by stable latency.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of pathological aspects between HTLV-1 and HIV-1 infections.
  • Investigation into the presence and function of a viral regulatory valve for HTLV-1 Rex and HIV-1 Rev.
  • Review of recent studies on novel functional aspects of HTLV-1 Rex.

Main Results:

  • HTLV-1 Rex is identified as a key regulator of viral replication and pathogenesis.
  • The regulation of Rex activity is closely linked to the viral replication rate and the establishment of latency.
  • Differences in Rex/Rev regulation may explain the distinct T-cell phenotypes observed in HTLV-1 and HIV-1 infections.

Conclusions:

  • HTLV-1 Rex acts as the central conductor for viral replication and pathogenesis.
  • A regulatory valve on Rex activity is hypothesized to be a key factor in HTLV-1's unique "scenario" of early particle production and subsequent long-term latency.
  • Understanding Rex regulation offers insights into HTLV-1's disease-free carrier state and potential therapeutic targets.