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Related Concept Videos

Complementation Tests00:49

Complementation Tests

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A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
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Limits to Natural Selection

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Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
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Types of Selection

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 26, 2025

Assessing Species-specific Contributions To Craniofacial Development Using Quail-duck Chimeras
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Chondrocranial variation in chicken domestication.

Daniel Núñez-León1, Hiroshi Nagashima2, Marcelo R Sánchez-Villagra1

  • 1Paleontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.

Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part B, Molecular and Developmental Evolution
|October 3, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Intraspecific variation in chicken chondrocranium development, specifically the processus tectalis and prenasal process, was observed during embryonic stages and in adults compared to red junglefowl. This variation may stem from developmental tissue interactions during domestication.

Keywords:
chondrocraniumembryonic variationred junglefowlskull

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Comparative anatomy
  • Evolutionary developmental biology

Background:

  • The chondrocranium's embryonic development is incompletely understood, with limited data on intraspecific variation and domestication's evolutionary impact.
  • Intraspecific variation in chondrocranial features, particularly during embryonic development and its evolutionary context in domestication, remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate intraspecific variation in two specific chondrocranial structures during embryonic development in chickens.
  • To compare the anatomy of these chondrocranial structures between domestic chickens and their wild ancestor, the red junglefowl (RJF), across ontogeny and in adults.

Main Methods:

  • Examined three embryonic developmental windows of the chondrocranium in chickens and RJF.
  • Compared adult skulls of chickens and RJF, focusing on the processus tectalis, prenasal process, and orbitonasal foramina.

Main Results:

  • Observed significant variation in the processus tectalis and prenasal process throughout ontogeny and in adult skulls.
  • The processus tectalis exhibited distinct variation from early embryonic stages to adulthood.
  • Variable numbers of orbitonasal foramina were noted in both RJF and chicken breeds. The prenasal process showed similarity early in development but diverged later.

Conclusions:

  • Embryonic and adult variations in the studied chondrocranial structures suggest intraspecific variation under domestication.
  • These variations may result from altered tissue interrelationships during development, offering insights into the evolutionary processes of domestication.