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Acute Kidney Injury I: Introduction

Acute Kidney Injury I: Introduction

Introduction:Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) describes a swift decrease in kidney function occurring over hours to days, characterized by the kidneys' failure to remove waste products from the bloodstream. This leads to dangerous complications like metabolic acidosis, fluid overload, and electrolyte imbalances, such as hyperkalemia, which can cause life-threatening arrhythmias. AKI is common in both hospital and outpatient settings, often triggered by dehydration, sepsis, or exposure to nephrotoxic...

Acute Kidney Injury III: Clinical Manifestations

Acute Kidney Injury III: Clinical Manifestations

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) progresses through distinct clinical phases: the oliguric, diuretic, and recovery phases, each marked by unique manifestations and challenges.Oliguric Phase:The oliguric phase is the initial stage of AKI, typically lasting 10 to 14 days. This phase is marked by a significant reduction in urine output, usually less than 400 mL per day, indicating decreased kidney function. Fluid retention is a prominent feature, leading to symptoms such as edema, hypertension, and...

Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology

Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology

Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes are categorized into three primary categories based on the location of the injury: prerenal, intrarenal (or intrinsic), and postrenal causes. This classification guides clinical management and illustrates how different pathways can impair kidney function.Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury1. Prerenal causesEtiology: Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury, the most common type, occurs when reduced blood flow to the kidneys decreases filtration capacity...

Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention

Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention

Accurate diagnosis and effective prevention are critical in managing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), which is linked to high mortality rates ranging from 10% to 80%. Timely recognition of at-risk patients and careful monitoring can significantly reduce the likelihood of kidney damage.Diagnostic Assessments:The diagnostic process starts with a comprehensive medical history to identify prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes.Prerenal causes, such as dehydration, hypotension, or blood loss, should...

Acute Kidney Injury V: Interprofessional Care

Acute Kidney Injury V: Interprofessional Care

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) requires a collaborative healthcare approach to restore renal function and prevent complications. Essential management strategies involve monitoring fluid and electrolyte balance, adjusting medications, initiating dialysis when necessary, and providing nutritional support.Fluid and Electrolyte ManagementFluid Monitoring: Regularly monitoring body weight, central venous pressure, and urine output helps detect fluid imbalances early. Patient intake and output are...

Acute Kidney Injury VI: Nursing Management

Acute Kidney Injury VI: Nursing Management

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) results in an inability to maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. Effective nursing management is critical in improving patient outcomes and includes comprehensive patient assessment and targeted interventions.Comprehensive Patient AssessmentA detailed history collection is essential, focusing on any recent infections, nephrotoxic medication use, or chronic conditions such as hypertension and diabetes that may contribute to AKI. During the physical...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 26, 2025

A Large Animal Model for Acute Kidney Injury by Temporary Bilateral Renal Artery Occlusion

A Large Animal Model for Acute Kidney Injury by Temporary Bilateral Renal Artery Occlusion

Published on: February 2, 2021

COVID-19-associated AKI.

Kenki Matsumoto^1,2, John R Prowle^1,2

¹William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London.

Current Opinion in Critical Care

|October 4, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) affects many COVID-19 patients, with incidence varying widely. Survivors face long-term risks of kidney damage, even without overt AKI during hospitalization.

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A Large Animal Model for Acute Kidney Injury by Temporary Bilateral Renal Artery Occlusion

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Nephrotoxin Microinjection in Zebrafish to Model Acute Kidney Injury

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Standardized Colon Ascendens Stent Peritonitis in Rats - a Simple, Feasible Animal Model to Induce Septic Acute Kidney Injury

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Published on: February 15, 2022

Area of Science:

Nephrology
Infectious Diseases
Epidemiology

Background:

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a recognized complication of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), but its incidence and outcomes show significant variability.
This review synthesizes mid-2022 epidemiological data on AKI in COVID-19 patients.

Approach:

Narrative review of epidemiological evidence.
Analysis of large observational studies and meta-analyses.
Summary of global pandemic data on COVID-19-associated AKI.

Key Points:

Reported AKI incidence ranges from 28-34% in general inpatients to 46-77% in intensive care units (ICU).
Severe AKI requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) in the ICU has decreased over time.
Most survivors recover kidney function, but remain at increased risk for future AKI, declining eGFR, and chronic kidney disease.

Conclusions:

Long-term kidney health consequences for COVID-19 survivors require further investigation.
Even without overt AKI, a notable percentage of COVID-19 survivors exhibit reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) post-hospitalization.