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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
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Many human characteristics, like height, are shaped by both nature—in other words, by our genes—and by nurture, or our environment. For example, chronic stress during childhood inhibits the production of growth hormones and consequently reduces bone growth and height. Scientists estimate that 70-90% of variation in height is due to genetic differences among individuals, and 10-30% of variation in height is due to differences in the environments that individuals experience,...
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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 26, 2025

Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse
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Maternal Thyroid Dysfunction and Neuropsychological Development in Children.

Yuanzhi Chen1, Zhong-Cheng Luo1,2, Ting Zhang1

  • 1Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
|October 5, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maternal thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy, including overt hypothyroidism and hypothyroxinemia, is linked to impaired offspring neuropsychological development. These effects on child development can be sex-specific, highlighting the importance of monitoring thyroid health during gestation.

Keywords:
birth cohortchildrenmaternal thyroid dysfunctionneuropsychological development

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neurodevelopmental Pediatrics
  • Reproductive Medicine

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones are crucial for fetal brain development.
  • The impact of maternal thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy on offspring neuropsychological outcomes is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between maternal thyroid dysfunction in early pregnancy and neuropsychological development in offspring up to 2 years of age.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective study of 1903 mother-child pairs from the Shanghai Birth Cohort.
  • Maternal thyroid function was assessed at 12 weeks gestation and categorized.
  • Offspring neurodevelopment was evaluated using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (6 months) and Bayley Scales (24 months).

Main Results:

  • Maternal overt hypothyroidism correlated with lower personal-social (girls, 6 months), motor (girls, 6 months), and social-emotional (boys, 24 months) scores.
  • Subclinical hypothyroidism was linked to poorer social-emotional (boys, 6 months) and adaptive behavior (boys, 24 months) scores.
  • Hypothyroxinemia was associated with lower motor scores in boys (24 months), and subclinical hyperthyroidism with lower language scores in girls (24 months).

Conclusions:

  • Maternal thyroid dysfunction (overt hypothyroidism, subclinical forms, hypothyroxinemia) in early pregnancy is associated with deficits in infant neuropsychological development.
  • Observed associations between maternal thyroid status and child neurodevelopment exhibit sex-specific patterns.