Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 26, 2025

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques
08:05

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Published on: June 30, 2020

7.6K

Task foreknowledge swallows item-specific but not list-wide control learning effects.

Chiu Yu-Chin1

  • 1Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
|October 6, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

480
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
480
Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

185
E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
185
Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

3.7K
Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now? 
3.7K
Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness01:14

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness

1.9K
Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
1.9K
Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

525
Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
525
Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

281
Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
281

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Random rewards reduce task-switch costs.

Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance·2025
Same author

Correction: Learned switch readiness via concurrent activation of task sets: Evidence from task specificity and memory load.

Memory & cognition·2024
Same author

Learned switch readiness via concurrent activation of task sets: Evidence from task specificity and memory load.

Memory & cognition·2024
Same author

Concurrent expectation and experience-based metacontrol: EEG insights and the role of working memory capacity.

Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience·2024
Same author

Nurses' Psychological Trauma and Cognitive Control in the COVID-19 Pandemic.

SAGE open nursing·2023
Same author

Independent subsequent memory effects of conflict resolution and response inhibition.

Psychological research·2021
Same journal

Testing the predictions of a distinctiveness model of memory: The production effect in backward recall.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same journal

On the impact of adjacency on transposed-word effects under serial presentation.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same journal

It's time to opt out: Metacognitive analysis of time regulation under uncertainty.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same journal

The role of statistical learning in attentional guidance during search through naturalistic scenes.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same journal

Representing objects and features in long-term memory: A case for direct feature-feature binding.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same journal

Crossmodal correspondences influence adaptation during rule-based category learning of objects.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
See all related articles

Context-control learning reduces task switch costs, but this effect diminishes with task foreknowledge. Proactive retrieval of task set information is key for efficient task switching.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

  • Context-control learning modulates task-switching efficiency by associating context cues with switch probabilities.
  • Task foreknowledge, or advanced knowledge of upcoming tasks, also influences switch costs through top-down retrieval of task sets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interaction between task set retrieval and task control retrieval in modulating switch costs.
  • To examine how task foreknowledge affects context-specific switch probability effects (ISSP and LWSP).

Main Methods:

  • Experiments 1 and 2: Introduced task foreknowledge midway, assessing its impact on ISSP and LWSP effects.
  • Experiment 3: Provided task foreknowledge throughout, comparing list-based versus item-based control learning.

More Related Videos

Acquisition of a High-precision Skilled Forelimb Reaching Task in Rats
08:59

Acquisition of a High-precision Skilled Forelimb Reaching Task in Rats

Published on: June 22, 2015

10.5K
Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking
05:58

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking

Published on: August 29, 2018

8.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 26, 2025

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques
08:05

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Published on: June 30, 2020

7.6K
Acquisition of a High-precision Skilled Forelimb Reaching Task in Rats
08:59

Acquisition of a High-precision Skilled Forelimb Reaching Task in Rats

Published on: June 22, 2015

10.5K
Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking
05:58

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking

Published on: August 29, 2018

8.9K

Main Results:

  • Context-control learning effects (ISSP and LWSP) were observed without foreknowledge but were diminished when foreknowledge was introduced midway.
  • With continuous task foreknowledge, only the list-wide switch probability effect (LWSP) was detected, not the item-specific switch probability effect (ISSP).

Conclusions:

  • Task foreknowledge can override learned probabilistic associations from context-control learning.
  • List-based context-control learning, when combined with proactive retrieval of task foreknowledge, effectively modulates switch costs.
  • Optimal task-switching performance is achieved through multiple, proactively utilized memory retrieval pathways.