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Transcription

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.

Stringent Response in E. coli

Stringent Response in E. coli

Bacterial growth is closely tied to nutrient availability, with cells proliferating exponentially under favorable conditions and entering a stationary phase when resources become scarce. This transition is mediated by a regulatory mechanism known as the stringent response, which allows bacteria to adapt to nutrient deprivation by modulating gene expression and metabolic activity.During nutrient scarcity, intracellular amino acid levels decline. It results in the accumulation of uncharged tRNAs...

Responses to Salt Stress

Responses to Salt Stress

Salt stress—which can be triggered by high salt concentrations in a plant’s environment—can significantly affect plant growth and crop production by influencing photosynthesis and the absorption of water and nutrients.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 26, 2025

Monitoring Colony-level Effects of Sublethal Pesticide Exposure on Honey Bees

Monitoring Colony-level Effects of Sublethal Pesticide Exposure on Honey Bees

Published on: November 15, 2017

Temperature and livestock grazing trigger transcriptome responses in bumblebees along an elevational gradient.

Kristof Brenzinger¹, Fabienne Maihoff¹, Marcell K Peters¹

¹Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.

|October 7, 2022

Summary

Climate change stresses pollinators, but molecular stress pathways remain unclear. Bumblebee gene expression reveals tolerance to temperature shifts but sensitivity to grazing, impacting immunity and DNA repair.

Keywords:

Biological sciences Evolutionary biology Evolutionary ecology Omics

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Area of Science:

Environmental science
Molecular biology
Ecology

Background:

Pollinators face increasing stress from climate and land-use changes.
Molecular mechanisms of pollinator stress responses are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the transcriptomic response of Bombus lucorum workers to temperature and livestock grazing.
To understand the molecular basis of bumblebee stress tolerance and sensitivity.

Main Methods:

Transcriptomic analysis of Bombus lucorum workers sampled along an elevational gradient and from grasslands with differing management (grazing vs. unmanaged).
Analysis of gene expression patterns related to thermal stress, metabolic energy production, immunoregulation, and DNA repair.

Main Results:

No significant differences in thermal stress gene expression were observed across elevations or temperatures.
Upregulation of metabolic energy production pathways in bumblebees from higher elevations or cooler temperatures.
Upregulation of immunoregulation and DNA repair pathways in response to extensive grazing pressure.

Conclusions:

Bombus lucorum exhibits tolerance to temperature fluctuations in temperate mountain environments.
Moderate temperature increases may alleviate metabolic stress in bumblebees.
Even moderate land-use management significantly impacts bumblebee molecular pathways, highlighting underestimated human influence on pollinators.