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Number comparison under the Ebbinghaus illusion.

Wei Liu1, Chunhui Wang1, Xiaoke Zhao2

  • 1School of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, China.

Frontiers in Psychology
|October 7, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Visual attributes like area and density influence numerosity perception. This study found that while perceived area doesn't directly affect number judgment, density and area interact to infer numerosity when visual patterns are disrupted.

Keywords:
Weber fractiondensity perceptionnumerosity perceptionperceived areathe Ebbinghaus illusion

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Visual Perception
  • Psychophysics

Background:

  • Studies suggest larger visual areas are perceived as more numerous.
  • Density, inversely related to area for constant numerosity, may mediate area's influence on perception.
  • The interplay between area, density, and numerosity perception requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the distinct and combined roles of perceived area and density in numerosity judgment.
  • To determine if the Ebbinghaus illusion, altering perceived area, affects numerosity estimation.
  • To explore how dot distribution (random vs. regular) influences the relationship between visual attributes and number perception.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Ebbinghaus illusion to manipulate perceived area of visual patches.
  • Participants performed three comparison tasks: area, density, and numerosity.
  • Employed both randomly and regularly distributed dots to assess the impact of pattern regularity.

Main Results:

  • The Ebbinghaus illusion created significant differences in perceived area but not in numerosity judgment for random dot patterns.
  • No point of subjective equality (PSE) bias was observed in density comparisons for either random or regular patterns.
  • For regular dot patterns, a significant PSE bias occurred in number comparison, with larger patches appearing more numerous, suggesting a density-based mechanism.

Conclusions:

  • Numerosity is directly sensed and is not significantly affected by area inequality induced by the Ebbinghaus illusion.
  • When the direct numerosity mechanism is disrupted (e.g., by regular dot patterns), density and area are combined to infer perceived numerosity.
  • Density plays a crucial role in number comparison, particularly with regular visual patterns.