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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Related Experiment Video

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Real-time Live Imaging of T-cell Signaling Complex Formation
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Technology meets TILs: Deciphering T cell function in the -omics era.

William H Hudson1, Andreas Wieland2

  • 1Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

Cancer Cell
|October 7, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cancer immunology research leverages advanced technologies to understand T cell heterogeneity within tumors. Studying these complex tumor microenvironments reveals insights into cancer cell killing and immunotherapy effectiveness.

Keywords:
CD4CD8PD-1T cellbystandercancer immunologyflow cytometryimmunotherapyscRNA-seqtechniquestumor-infiltrating lymphocytes

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Using X-ray Crystallography, Biophysics, and Functional Assays to Determine the Mechanisms Governing T-cell Receptor Recognition of Cancer Antigens
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Using X-ray Crystallography, Biophysics, and Functional Assays to Determine the Mechanisms Governing T-cell Receptor Recognition of Cancer Antigens
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Using X-ray Crystallography, Biophysics, and Functional Assays to Determine the Mechanisms Governing T-cell Receptor Recognition of Cancer Antigens

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Area of Science:

  • Cancer immunology
  • Immunology
  • Tumor microenvironment research

Background:

  • T cells are crucial for cancer immunity, recognizing tumor mutations and mediating cancer cell killing.
  • Cancer immunotherapies rejuvenating T cell responses have significantly advanced cancer treatment.
  • Advanced analysis platforms like single-cell RNA sequencing and high-dimensional flow cytometry offer new insights into immune cell biology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the opportunities and challenges of studying the tumor microenvironment using high-dimensional -omics technologies.
  • To highlight the potential and limitations of these technologies for interpreting complex immune cell data.
  • To focus on the interpretation of high-dimensional studies of CD8+ T cells within the tumor microenvironment.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing -omics technologies to generate vast amounts of data on immune cells.
  • Employing single-cell RNA sequencing and high-dimensional flow cytometry.
  • Analyzing the heterogeneity of tumor-infiltrating immune cells across different contexts.

Main Results:

  • Revealed substantial heterogeneity of tumor-infiltrating immune cells within tumors, across cancer types, and among patients.
  • Demonstrated the power of multidimensional analysis platforms in uncovering immune cell complexity.
  • Highlighted the critical role of CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding T cell heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment is key for advancing cancer immunology.
  • -Omics technologies offer powerful tools but require careful interpretation, especially for high-dimensional CD8+ T cell data.
  • Continued research integrating advanced technologies is essential for improving cancer immunotherapies.