The A to F of functional status in the acute setting: A scoping review

Functional status (FSt) describes the phenomenon of prolonged non-epileptic attacks that may be misidentified as Status Epilepticus (SE). The early differentiation between epileptic and functional status is crucial in order to avoid unnecessarily invasive and costly medical escalation in the latter group, including the hazards of overmedication, intubation and intensive care admission. The authors conducted a literature review of available studies describing cases of functional status to extract the common aspects of FSt seizure semiology, investigations used to differentiate from SE, and guidance for managing FSt. A search was carried out using Medline, Embase and PsychInfo databases and 3909 papers were extracted for review. 30 papers were found relevant for inclusion, describing 260 cases of FSt. FSt was found to occur more commonly in younger, female patients with a family history of epilepsy, co-morbid psychiatric diagnosis and following a recent traumatic event. Common clinical features of FSt during and after, the events were identified. While video-EEG remains the gold standard investigation for differentiating FSt from SE, many of the included studies considered the utility of other investigation modalities including serum markers and neuroimaging. One key shortcoming identified within the literature reviewed was a lack of well-defined guidance on the acute management of FSt. We offer an A-F step management plan for the immediate and longer term assessment and treatment of FSt.