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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 26, 2025

In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells
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Tumor Derived Extracellular Vesicles Modulate Gene Expression in T cells.

Alejandro Pando1, Christoph Schorl2, Loren D Fast3

  • 1Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States; Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.

Gene
|October 8, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) alter gene expression in T cells, impacting immune regulation. CD8+ T cells showed significant changes in proliferation and differentiation pathways due to AML EVs.

Keywords:
ExosomesExtracellular vesiclesImmunologyImmunoregulationImmunotherapyMicrovesiclesTumor derived EVs

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by cells and carry various biomolecules.
  • T cells are crucial for adaptive immunity and cancer immunotherapy.
  • Tumor-derived EVs can influence host immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-derived EVs affect gene expression in different T cell populations.
  • To understand the immunomodulatory impact of AML EVs on T cells.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of gene expression changes in CD8+, CD4+, and CD4+CD39+ T cells upon exposure to AML-derived EVs.
  • Gene ontology analysis to identify affected pathways.

Main Results:

  • AML-derived EVs significantly altered gene expression in all three T cell populations.
  • Transcripts related to major immunoregulatory pathways were affected.
  • CD8+ T cells exhibited more extensive modulation, with changes in proliferation and differentiation genes.

Conclusions:

  • AML-derived EVs possess potent immunomodulatory capabilities.
  • These EVs can significantly alter T cell function, particularly affecting CD8+ T cell proliferation and differentiation.
  • Understanding these interactions is vital for developing novel AML immunotherapies.